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杞麓湖:“以渔净水”修复生态

2017-08-09 09:22:57   中国青年网

本报记者 王永刚/文 李银发/图

今日视点

蓝天白云,远山如黛,飞鸟翔集,风光宜人。

经过几年的努力和“以渔净水”生态修复工程的持续推进,九大高原湖泊之一的通海杞麓湖水资源环境得到明显改善,总体水质从多年的劣V类提升到符合V类标准,为湖泊、水库的保护治理和生态修复方式的转变提供了有效的实践探索。

杞麓湖是仅次于洱海的我国鲤属鱼类同域分化关键区域,拥有杞麓鲤、翘嘴鲤、云南鲤、大头鲤等区域特有种或云贵高原特有种,物种组成简单而特化程度极高,在生物多样性保护方面具有极大价值。上世纪六十年代初的杞麓湖,基本保持着其自然的生态面貌,水清见底,鱼肥水美,生活着以杞麓鲤、大头鲤、星云白鱼杞麓亚种为代表的10余种土著鱼类。然而,上世纪九十年代以后,在水体污染、栖息地破坏、外来种入侵等诸多因素联合影响下,土著物种几近灭绝,亟须采取有效措施加强保护。2014年,杞麓湖国家湿地公园(试点)获得批准建设,促进杞麓湖保护工作迈出切实步伐。

一直以来,渔业养殖被认为会带来水体污染,而根据国内外农业、渔业、水产等相关机构的调研论证以及省内外湖泊生物治理水质的成功案例,如省外的千岛湖、太湖,省内的云龙水库、松华坝水库及柴石滩水库均采用了“以渔净水”。项目的成功实践,证明了湖泊、水库鱼类增殖放流是生物治理水体内源污染的重要手段,是治理湖泊、水库等大型水域内源污染的有力措施,也是生态修复的重要方式。

据专家介绍,生物控制和生物治理是以改善水质为目的的控制有机体自然种群的水生生物群落管理。经过多年的发展与研究,生物治理已经成为一种安全可靠的技术手段,根据不同的环境问题采取不同的技术方法,利用生物之间的相互作用达到对湖泊使用者有益的关系和结果,是现代的污染治理中的一个重要技术方法。在云南,昆明市水产科学研究所和安宁市水务局合作,2009年在安宁宁湖投放了20多吨鲢、鳙鱼,半年后宁湖水体透明度由2.85米提高到4.5米,抑制蓝藻、改善水质效果明显。各地的实验结果和实施案例都表明放流滤食性鱼类是控制蓝藻的重要手段。

杞麓湖放流鲢鱼、鳙鱼,通过加强管理,利用鲢、鳙鱼滤食藻类的习性,可有效地把水体中的藻类转变为鱼蛋白,从而减少水体中的藻类,改善水质。达到一定规格和规模的鲢、鳙鱼种群捕捞上市后,可满足广大人民群众对水产品的需求,为区域经济增长发挥积极作用。近年来,实施以鲢、鳙、土著鱼类放流的生物治理水污染方法在国内外已有成功的案例。利用滤食性鱼类摄食蓝藻、经食物链转化,以捕捞的形式将水体中的P、N等物质带出,从而降低水体的TP、TN负荷,是目前杞麓湖水体内污染源生物治理最直接、最经济、最有效的方法。

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