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评论:印军越界系“国际不法行为” 应承担责任

2017-08-07 18:31:02   中国青年网

国际评论:印军越界系“国际不法行为”应承担责任

傅铸

6月18日,印度边防部队越过中印边界锡金段进入中国洞朗地区并滞留至今,阻挠中方正常的修路活动,引发局势紧张。8月2日中国外交部发布《印度边防部队在中印边界锡金段越界进入中国领土的事实和中国的立场》,一针见血地指出印军越界事件的实质:这不是中印之间的划界纠纷或领土争端,不是双方边防部队在未定界地区发生的摩擦,而是印军非法越过既定边界,侵犯了中国主权和领土完整,是对国际法基本原则和国际关系基本准则的粗暴践踏,性质非常严重。正如王毅外长不久前接受采访所言,问题的解决之道就是印方“老老实实地退出去”。印方企图制造洞朗地区领土争端,掩盖越界事件的本质,置国际法上的领土边界制度于不顾,冒天下之大不韪。

在国际法上,国家的领土边界具有不可侵犯性。《联合国宪章》规定,一国不得侵害他国的“领土完整或政治独立”。中印60多年来共同倡导的和平共处五项原则,首要两条就是“互相尊重领土主权、互不侵犯”。2005年国际法院在刚果(金)诉乌干达案判决中指出,一国军队未经他国同意越界并持续占领后者边境地区,侵犯了后者的主权和领土完整。中印边界锡金段属于双方长期认可的既定边界,洞朗地区在边界线中国一侧。印度边防部队越界显然系侵入中国领土,侵犯了中国的领土主权。

在国际法上,领土边界还具有高度的稳定性。印度独立也好,政府更迭也好,界约签订时间历久也好,均不影响中印锡金段既定边界的稳定性。首先,边界划定后不受国家或政府更迭的影响。1978年《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》规定,“国家继承本身不影响条约规定的边界”。其次,边界划定后不随原划界条约效力的变化而变化,即使原划界条约终止,边界仍有效,不可单方面改变。依1969年《维也纳条约法公约》第62条规定,即使条约因重大情势变更而终止,也不影响据该条约划定的边界。国际法院在利比亚诉乍得的“领土争议案”判决中强调,“边界确定后有其自身的生命力”,边界将持续有效,独立于原划界条约。中印边界锡金段已由1890年《中英会议藏印条约》划定,长期以来双方也共同认可边界的具体走向。

同时,“继续占有”原则(uti possidetis juris)是一项久已确立的习惯国际法原则。根据该原则,摆脱殖民统治的新独立国家必须尊重殖民时期划定的对外边界。殖民地与独立国家间的边界,在该殖民地成为新国家后应予继承和尊重。国际法院在布基纳法索诉马里“边界案”判决中也确认了该原则。印度作为摆脱英国殖民统治的新独立国家,必须尊重原宗主国英国与中国确定的边界,不得单方面予以改变。

边界在国际法上具有稳定性和不可侵犯性。正如中方立场文件所述,“由 1890年条约确定的中印边界锡金段持续有效,为中印双方一再确认。任何一方都须严格恪守,不得侵犯。”

从国际法上讲,印方行径严重“侵权”,构成了“国际不法行为”,应当承担国家责任。印方当前首先要做的,就是承担起国家责任,立即撤军,停止不法侵害,向中方赔礼道歉,并彻底调查此次非法越界行为,尽快妥善解决此次事件,恢复两国边境地区的和平与安宁。

国家领土“一寸山河一寸金”。历史上,因侵犯边界而引发国家关系紧张的例子屡见不鲜,很多导致流血冲突乃至全面战争。国家领土,神圣不可侵犯。印度不应忘记惨痛教训,重蹈历史覆辙。

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