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新加坡组屋:让国民“居者有其屋”

2017-08-06 10:15:26   中国经济网

这是新加坡女皇镇一处组屋区。 新华社发

提要:近日,上海发布住房发展“十三五”规划,明确将坚持“房子是用来住的、不是用来炒的”定位,完善购租并举的住房体系,引发广泛关注。放眼全球,不少国家和城市同样在探索、完善住房体系建设,并取得了良好成效。新加坡和德国的经验或许能给我们一些启发。

有“花园城市”之称的新加坡,通过数十年的努力,建立起组屋制度,让大多数国民们实现了“居者有其屋”的梦想。2015年新加坡统计局数据显示,新加坡居民住房自有率达到90.8%。截至2015年底,新加坡约有80%的人口居住在政府提供的组屋中。

政府组屋,是指由政府投资建设并实行有偿提供、价格由政府统一规定、一般以低于市场价出售或出租给中低收入者的公屋,年限99年。相比私人住房市场,公共住房的市场份额占比很高,是新加坡最主要的住宅类型。公共住房类型主要分为HDB组屋(建屋发展局组屋)、珍宝型组屋、执行跃层复式组屋、乐龄公寓等。

新加坡采取了政府分配与市场出售相结合的形式,中低收入阶层的住房由政府提供,高收入阶层的住房由市场供给。组屋制度的成功,得益于国家对住房市场强有力的政策干预和规范引导。

建屋发展局可强制征地

新加坡组屋的建设用地一部分来自国家直接转让,另一部分从私人部门强制征收。在《土地征用法》的授权下,建屋发展局拥有强制征地权利,所以新加坡公共住房建设能以远低于私人开发商购地价获得土地,任何人不得随意抬价,价格不受市场影响。而且,所有征地成本均由政府承担,组屋一般都有99年地契。

组屋的建设和购买资金从哪里来?新加坡通过颁布《中央公积金法》建立起中央公积金制度,同时成立中央公积金局。每一个有工作的居民在缴纳组屋首付之后,分期付款的资金就来自公积金账户。市民公积金缴费率是月薪的20%,单位缴纳17%,月缴费的工资上限是6000新元。这为政府积累了大量住房建设资金,所以能在较短时间内解决居民的住房问题。

“避开大道,直取两厢”

新加坡人多地少,建屋发展局强调整体规划,采用“避开大道,直取两厢”的理念,选择城市边缘地带,避开住房密集的中心城区。这样有利于居民疏散,而且拆迁量少、地价便宜。只有在市区人口减少到一定程度、新区住房充足的情况下,才会考虑进行集中的旧城改造。组屋区一般以高层住宅为主,大多数是十几层的板式住宅,少数是20多层。在规划之初,考虑到要让居民就近就业,组屋区内预留10%至20%的土地用于工业配套设施,主要是无污染的小规模劳动密集型工业,如制衣、纺织和电子配件制造厂。不论住在哪里,居民都不会感到生活不便。

审查严格避免投机占有

组屋制度是新加坡居民的一项福利政策,背后却有一套严格的审查和分配制度,从而避免“寻租”和“搭便车”行为。

在新加坡,想要购买新组屋的申请人必须是年满21岁的新加坡公民。申请人在本地或海外不得有其他房产,且在过去30个月内没有处置过任何房产。此外,还要查看申请人的家庭构成状况和收入上限。永久居民和拥有私房者只能购买二手组屋。新购的组屋住满5年后,可以在市场上出售或者转租。一个家庭只能拥有一套组屋,如果要再购买新房子,旧组屋必须退出来,防止有人投机占有。

贷款资格要求同样严格。只有新加坡公民、低收入者和无额外物业者才可以取得贷款资格。

此外,在多次探索之后,组屋现行“先售后建”的预购制度减少组屋的空置率。申请人可以进行网上申请,然后抽签。如果组屋预订量达到70%以上,政府就通过招投标确定建筑承包商进行建设。组屋完工后,抽签通过的市民就可以直接领取钥匙入住了。(黄程栋 朱丽 刘端怡)

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