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塞罕坝机械林场:高寒荒漠如何造林护绿?

2017-08-05 11:02:46   央广网

塞罕坝亮兵台看去,一列列绿色的“卫士”守护着华北平原。

塞罕坝的林子越长越密,七星湖水越来越清,水位越来越高,风景越来越美,吸引游人留恋驻足。

众所周知,荒漠地区自然条件恶劣,生态修复难度极大。然而,地处中国河北省的塞罕坝,却成功种植人工林112万亩,造林成活率达95%以上,森林覆盖率提高到80%,成功将风沙源改造成华北生态屏障。为探寻高寒荒漠生态修复秘诀,在《联合国防治荒漠化公约》第13次缔约方大会召开前夕,《经济日报》记者来到塞罕坝机械林场采访。

荒漠造林有啥诀窍

塞罕坝机械林场独创“三锹半缝隙植苗法”在乱石堆里植树造林,与行业通用的“中心靠山植苗法”相比,造林功效高出一倍,造林成本却节省四成

荒漠立地条件差,植树保活是首要解决的难题。5年来,塞罕坝机械林场在石质山坡上新造林15.3万亩,在基本没有补植的情况下,成活率和三年保存率竟分别高达98.9%和92.2%,实现了一次造林、一次成活、一次成林的目标。塞罕坝人是怎么做到的呢?

我们一起去现场看看。

7月16日,在塞罕坝机械林场四道沟营林区一片乱石陡坡上,营林区主任闫立文正带着林场工人挖树坑。

这块地倾斜达46度,机械不能作业。最难的是表土只几厘米厚度,底下全是乱石。

乱石堆里,树苗怎么生长?塞罕坝林业工人自有办法。他们先挖坑,清出石块。闫立文说,像这种攻坚造林,关键在于解决土、水、苗的问题。乱石坡缺土,可在树坑里垫点客土。树苗只要成活,根须自己会顺着石缝生长。水可通过覆膜保墒、拦蓄雨水解决。树要选择生命力强、耐干旱的品种。不一会儿,坑挖好了,清出不少石块。树坑呈正方形,边长约70厘米,深约40厘米。工人麻利地将石块整齐垒在大坑下沿,这么做为的是拦蓄雨水。接着,大家又在大坑中央挖出边长、深度都是30厘米左右的小坑,垫入客土。

然后就是栽树了。栽树使用“三锹半缝隙植苗法”。具体作业步骤是:第一锹向内倾斜45度斜插底土开缝,重复前后摇晃,直到缝隙宽5至8厘米,深度达25厘米;顺着锹缝侧面,抖动苗木投入穴中,深送浅提,以舒展根系,再脚踩定苗;离苗5厘米左右,垂直下插第二锹,先拉后推,挤实苗根,防止吊苗,挤法同第一锹。第三锹再距5厘米,操作同于第二锹,仍为挤实。最后半锹堵住锹缝,防止透风,以利于苗木的成活。最后是平整穴面,并覆盖一层暄土以利保墒。

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