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法国启动劳工法案改革 各方利益博弈持续拉锯

2017-08-04 14:41:35   中国经济网

中国经济网8月4日讯(记者 李鸿涛)8月2日,法国参议院最终投票通过了允许政府以行政命令代替法律对劳工法案进行改革。这项争议已久的法案在两院的最终通过标志着法国劳工法案改革的初步阶段已基本完成,但“授权法”的通过并不意味着未来政府对劳工法案条款的改革将畅通无阻,相反,其将刺激包括反对党、工会在内的各方利益博弈的持续拉锯。

该法案延续了总统马克龙对劳工法案的改革理念,旨在赋予法国企业更多的自由,并赋予劳工更多的保护,而此前通过的《巩固社会对话法》也将为政府以行政命令代替法律对劳工法条进行修改提供法律框架。此次通过的法案详细列举了包括在企业雇主无正当理由解雇职工的诉讼中对劳资仲裁法庭可裁定的解雇赔偿金额设立上限、归并企业中的职工代表机构、提高企业内部劳资协议的作用与效力等在内的一系列措施。同时,该法案还涵盖了旨在增强对劳工权利进行保护的相关条款,如允许政府更改企业以经济理由裁员时有关经济困难的评估范围、允许政府修改“艰苦职业工时账户”等措施,呼应了马克龙在竞选期间的政改承诺。马克龙曾指出:“解决法国居高不下的失业率的最佳选择就是尽快改革僵化的劳工法规,进一步增强企业活力与用工弹性。”

该项法案曾在7月13日国民议会的表决中获得了包括执政党及右派议员的绝大多数支持,通过参议院修改后,在由两院人数均等议员组成的混合委员会中形成了共同认可的法律文本。在8月2日的参议院投票中,这份此前已由国民议会通过的法案文本以225票赞成、105票反对获得了通过。法国《解放报》撰文指出:“修改劳工法案可谓是马克龙的最具标志性的改革,马克龙曾在当选时承诺要在近年夏季结束前改变法国劳动力市场的面貌。”《解放报》预计:“由执政党掌握的议会,通过动用政府政令措施对劳动法进行改革将使紧张的议会辩论速战速决。”法国劳工部长佩尼戈指出:“迅速松绑劳工法符合法国民众对深层且及时劳动法案改革的期待。”参议院共和党领袖布鲁诺·热达尼尔也对经参议院修改后的法律蓝本表示满意,但仍对没有废除35小时工作制表示遗憾。

另一方面,该法案在两院的通过也招致了各利益博弈方的强烈抨击,将引起各方更加激烈的反弹。法国工会组织对该法案反映强烈,认为“新版的法案文本较《库姆里法案》而言更为‘过分’”,其中关于在劳资协商中赋予企业更多权利、削弱行业谈判地位等条款将严重损害未来工会的影响力。法国《回声报》指出:“仍然有部分利益代表无法认同通过的法案文本,将进一步激化各方矛盾,甚至引发示威游行,但在各方的对立态度及法国严峻的改革难题面前,马克龙已‘没有退路’。”同时,也有反对党议员对法案的通过表示抗议,称“政府以行政命令的方式回避了极为重要的议会辩论”。法国极左翼政党“不屈法国”指出:“法案的通过是对劳工法规的摧毁,将严重损害劳资关系,我们将抗争到底。”当前,已有包括法国总工会(CGT)在内的多个工会组织表示将于9月走上街头进行抗议,同时,极左翼政党“不屈法国”也将于9月23日发起“人民集会”以示抗议。

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