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革命历史题材戏剧创作的突破与反思
2017-07-21 13:14:41 中国经济网
作者:方李珍(福建省艺术研究院副研究员)
近年革命历史题材戏剧的创作掀起了一个高潮,如京剧《狼牙山》、沪剧《回望》、吕剧《宣言》、越剧《丁香》、淮剧《铡刀下的红梅》、评剧《火种》,话剧《春天的承诺》《董必武》《图云关》《雨花台》,以及歌剧《长征》《红军不怕远征难》、音乐剧《风雨石化龙》等;复排了京剧《党的女儿》《江姐》、昆曲《飞夺泸定桥》、评剧《金沙江畔》等。其中的原因,一是国家对现代戏的重视、强调。继2014年文艺工作座谈会后,2016年习近平总书记在中国文联第十次全国代表大会、中国作协第九次全国代表大会开幕式上又一次提出“广大文艺工作者要坚持以强烈的现实主义精神和浪漫主义情怀,观照人民的生活、命运、情感……”,现实主义创作思潮呈波澜壮阔之势,作为现代戏重镇的革命历史剧创作自然风起云涌。另一方面则得益于近年一系列重大纪念活动的“助力”。今年是中国人民解放军建军90周年,2016年是中国共产党成立95周年暨红军长征胜利80周年,全国各地革命历史题材戏剧的创作进入高潮,不仅未见有类似影视界层出不穷的抗日神剧,那种罗列剧情、简单图解或过度拔高的作品也难见踪迹——观众文化水平进一步提高,审美水准提升是一方面,20世纪80年代以来革命历史题材创作的累积沉淀则是主要原因。
新时期以来,戏剧的文学性、思想性浮出水面,革命历史题材戏剧表现出了不同于以往的“向内转”的姿态:普通人进入创作视野,革命英雄叙事向日常生活叙事招手——最显见的是伟人与革命英雄形象走下神坛,展现出他们日常生活状态与作为常人、普通人的一面。革命历史剧逐渐走向成熟,渐趋稳定、理性。这也给当前的戏剧创作带来挑战,如何创新,如何突破创作瓶颈成为难题。很多地方的创作,例如福建闽西一向是红色戏剧的“根据地”,但近年却困顿于题材老化、主题重复而停滞不前。
尽管如此,仍然有许多作品勉力探索,拓宽题材,视角多样。很多剧作正视历史,以现实主义的态度描写国民革命军抗战的历史,京剧《西安事变》就以张学良为第一主角,展现了西安事变中诸位当事人复杂真实的命运变化、性格特征和情感世界,冯俐编剧、查明哲执导的话剧《中华士兵》则再现了1939年由陕西地方军为主组成的中国国民革命军第四集团军驻守黄河北岸,抵抗日寇、保卫中条山的历史。京剧《浴火黎明》虽取材于《红岩》,但旧中求新,塑造了从未在革命历史剧中出现的新形象——从盲从、动摇到最终重拾信仰的范文华,并以革命先烈留下的“狱中八条”为主线,使剧作更具深意。高甲戏《大稻埕》,回眸于百多年前清政府签订《马关条约》将台湾割让给日本,台湾常民奋起抗日的历史;在此宏大背景下描述了台湾大稻埕商会会长林天来一家的命运。“既然洞箫可以变成尺八,那柴削的祖宗牌位也就可以当木屐。”“谁要是敢动我的祖宗牌位,就提他的狗头来称重!”这是全剧让人印象至深的对话,抗日情怀在传统文化、闽南文化的烘托中愈显深沉。话剧《故园》,也将两岸题材与抗战题材结合在一起,将笔触伸向了没有硝烟的战场上小人物对于文化阵地的坚守,展开了日伪统治时期京台两地中华儿女为了守护家园、传承和弘扬传统文化而携手御敌的往事。这些颇使人想起了同样着眼于小人物命运、老百姓抗战的影视剧,如《红色》。革命历史舞台剧达到了与影视剧的同步。
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