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资料图。
新华社北京7月12日电 英国剑桥大学科学家研制出一种高弹性、超强韧的纤维,性质与天然蜘蛛丝相似,有着广泛应用前景,而且生产过程绿色环保。
蜘蛛丝是最强韧的天然纤维之一,制造出媲美天然蛛丝的人造纤维,是材料学的重要研究方向。剑桥大学日前发布新闻公报说,与现有生产方法相比,这项新技术能耗低,不需要使用有毒溶剂,而且在室温下就能运作,可用于改进人造蛛丝及其他各种合成纤维的生产。相关论文发表在美国《国家科学院学报》上。
研究人员以一种凝胶为原料,利用纺丝方法从中拉出长丝,与蜘蛛吐丝类似。这种凝胶的成分98%是水,其余成分是经过特殊处理的二氧化硅纳米粒子和纤维素,由一种被称为瓜环的筒状分子“手铐”铐在一起。
在凝胶中富含水的环境下,不同分子间的相互作用使它们结合形成复杂的超分子结构,从而可以在室温下拉成直径仅几微米的长丝。约30秒后,丝线中的水分挥发,留下韧性和弹性都很高的纤维。
这种纤维的抗拉强度约为100兆帕到150兆帕,大约相当于天然蛛丝的十分之一,高于粘胶纤维和人造丝等部分合成纤维,以及人和动物毛发等天然纤维。此外,它还有非常高的阻尼,像蹦极绳一样可以吸收大量能量。这些属性使它可用于制造特殊纺织品、传感器等等。
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