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《拉美黄皮书2016-2017》发布会现场
国际在线消息(记者 陈宇):中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所和社会科学文献出版社日前在北京共同发布拉美黄皮书《拉丁美洲和加勒比发展报告(2016-2017)》,并召开专题报告会,解读2016年以来拉美地区政治、经济、社会和对外关系的变化及其趋势。
随着经济危机的后果不断发酵,许多拉美国家执政环境恶化,执政难度和压力增加,政治力量对比状况发生重大改变。拉美的左翼力量已经失去地区政治主导权,政治格局已发生根本变化,呈“左退右进”之势。中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所政治研究室主任杨建民说:“虽然左翼在委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔、玻利维亚、乌拉圭、尼加拉瓜和智利继续执政,但是拉美左翼占优的格局已经发生根本变化,左翼丧失了地区政治主导权。去年巴西左翼的下台,是继2015年阿根廷左翼下台之后,拉美发生的一个重大政治事件。尽管左翼还是在一些中小国家执政,但是拉美地区的前四大经济体,巴西、墨西哥、阿根廷和哥伦比亚都是由右翼政党执政。也就是说,拉美政治开始进入‘左’‘右’交替,并且以中右翼为主的新的执政周期。”
2016年,在全球经济复苏乏力和“黑天鹅”事件频出的背景下,拉美和加勒比地区经济陷入深度衰退,GDP增长率下降1.1%,人均GDP下降2.2%,这是该地区自2008年债务危机以来第一次出现持续2年的衰退。同时,地区内部存在较为显著的差异性。中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所经济研究室副研究员张勇说:“中美洲、南美洲和加勒比地区的表现不一样。中美洲因为与美国经济联系较为紧密,呈现正向增长。南美洲受贸易投资下滑的影响较深。加勒比地区受粮食价格上涨和恶劣的极端天气的影响,由上一年的正增长转为2016年的负增长。”
此外,国家间的差异也有所扩大。联合国拉美经委会的数据显示,巴西、委内瑞拉和阿根廷等南美国家的GDP增长率分别为-3.6%、-9.7%和-2%,是影响地区经济表现的主要因素;苏里南、特立尼达和多巴哥、伯利兹等加勒比国家的GDP依次下降10.4%、4.5%和2.4%,累及地区经济的整体表现;多米尼加、巴拿马和尼加拉瓜的GDP增长率均超过4%,特别是前两国的增长率分别为6.4%和5.2%,已连续3年成为地区经济增长最快的国家。
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