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美航天局防小行星撞地球测试任务进入设计阶段

2017-07-01 14:32:33   新华网

新华社华盛顿6月30日电(记者林小春)美国航天局30日宣布,近日该机构批准“双行星重定向测试”任务从概念进入初步设计阶段,这是美国航天局第一项验证小行星轨道偏移技术的任务,旨在提高地球防御小行星撞击的能力。

“双行星重定向测试”英文首字母缩写是DART,计划在2020年发射飞船,撞击一个双小行星系统中较小的那颗小行星,以改变它的轨道。

美航天局行星防御官员林德利·约翰逊在一份声明中说:“这将是美国航天局第一项验证所谓动能撞击器技术的任务,即通过撞击小行星改变它的轨道,从而保卫地球不被潜在的未来小行星撞击。”

据美航天局介绍,在太空中,一个“双胞胎”小行星系统可能会在2022年10月和2024年两次以较远距离飞近地球,它将成为DART的试验目标。

这个小行星系统中的“双胞胎A”直径780米,组成成分与多数小行星一样,主要以硅质为主;“双胞胎B”是这次试验要撞击的对象,直径为160米,组成成分未知,如它撞击地球有可能造成区域性影响。

DART飞船大小与冰箱类似。发射后,它将利用船上的自动瞄准系统先瞄准“双胞胎B”,最终将以每秒6公里的速度撞击“双胞胎B”。

美航天局专家们认为,“双胞胎”小行星系统是此类撞击试验的“完美天然实验室”。“双胞胎B”绕着“双胞胎A”运转,因此“双胞胎B”遭撞击后,科学家将较易通过地球观测站观测“双胞胎B”绕“双胞胎A”的轨道变化,同时又保证这个小行星系统围绕太阳运行的轨道不受试验影响。

几乎每天都有小行星撞向地球,但绝大部分都在地球大气层中分解。那些尺寸较大、能撞到地面的小行星相当罕见。但小行星撞地球的风险理论上确实存在。

美航天局说,直径大于1公里的近地天体一直是它的重点观测目标,估计已发现约93%的此类天体。而上述防小行星撞地球测试任务的目标是改变中等大小小行星的轨道,这类小行星有可能造成区域性破坏,但由于体积相对较小,还有许多尚未被观测到,有一天可能会撞击地球。

(原标题::美航天局防小行星撞地球测试任务进入设计阶段)

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