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荒川和久介绍日本的“单身大国”现状
国际在线报道(中国国际广播电台记者 朱曼君):时下,越来越多的日本人选择不婚,日本正成为真正意义上的“单身大国”。6月28日,日本外国记者中心邀请单身问题专家荒川和久介绍造成单身人口骤增的原因,并尝试寻找解决对策。荒川和久认为,日本人单身主要是出于经济因素考量,而最好的对策就是改变固有的家庭观念,让所有人都能更自由地选择生活方式。
荒川和久是日本为数不多的专门研究单身问题的社会学家。日本的单身问题到底有严重?荒川介绍说:“到2035年,日本将有一半的人口是单身者。届时,有配偶人口将有5200万人,而单身人口将达到4800万人。所谓单身者,并不仅仅是没有结婚的人,也包括离婚和丧偶的人。人们总说高龄化是日本严重的社会问题,这并没有错,但事实上,单身的人比老年人的数量还要多。根据2015年的统计,一辈子不结婚的男性大约为23%,而女性则有14%。到了2035年,预计每三名男性就有一人终身不娶,而女性则五人中就有一人终身不嫁。”
日本之所以成为“单身大国”,原因是多方面的,荒川和久说:“男女比例失调也是个问题。日本的未婚人口中,男性比女性多出300万人。此外,日本的离婚率也在增加,同时一人一户的情况也在增加。日本夫妇加孩子的构成被认为是‘标准家庭’。到了2035年,这样的‘标准家庭’将仅占全部家庭总数的23%,而一人一户的情况将占到总数的近四成。事实上,从2010年开始,日本的一人一户家庭的数量就已经超过了‘标准家庭’。”
一个有意思的现象是,统计显示,自1991年后日本的单身人口出现了迅猛增长的势头,恰与泡沫经济崩溃时间点重合。荒川和久经过研究发现,原来日本的单身率居高不下和经济因素直接挂钩。他说:“日本泡沫经济崩溃之后,工薪族的工资就一直在下降。其实,年收入和未婚率有非常紧密的联系——男性的收入越少越容易单身,而女性则收入越高越容易单身。我认为,这体现了日本男性更愿意娶比自己收入低的女性,而女性则更愿意嫁比自己收入高的男性。从明治时代开始的家庭观念,让大家认为男人就应该养家,在日本无论男女都被这种观念牢牢束缚。在考虑结婚与否的时候,这种倾向也十分明显。绝大多数女性都认为结婚的好处主要来自经济上,以前也有不少女性是为了爱情结婚,但这一数字年年都在下跌。与女性形成鲜明对比的是,男性为了经济上更宽裕而选择单身的比例占绝大多数。简单说就是,女性是为了钱而结婚,而男性则是为了钱而不结婚。在结婚与否这件事情上,男女因为金钱因素而产生了不可调和的矛盾。”
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