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伦敦发生货车撞人事件,“文明冲突”将撕裂这个城市

2017-06-20 15:13:30   国际在线

伦敦货车撞人已致1死10伤 英首相再强调反恐决心(资料图)

当地时间19日凌晨,一辆货车在英国伦敦北部的芬斯伯里公园附近冲撞行人,造成1人死亡,10人受伤。英国内政部长拉德说,警方以“恐怖主义事件”处理此案,调查工作由英国反恐指挥部领导。这是今年三月份以来,伦敦第三次遭遇车辆袭击,日常的交通工具已经变成了杀人的武器,伦敦面临着严峻的反恐形势。

这一次事件的受害者是穆斯林,英国的穆斯林总会第一时间将其定性为“恐怖袭击”,伦敦市长萨迪克·汗也认为这是令人恐惧的恐怖袭击。英国首相特蕾莎·梅召开内阁紧急安全会议后说,无论袭击者是谁,英国对抗恐怖和极端主义的决心都不会改变。

芬斯伯里公园是一个非常典型的多样化的郊区社区,不同的种族、文化在此聚集,也是伦敦郊区“乡绅化”的代表。郊区的开发和建设吸引了很多新兴阶层在此集中。当然,这一社区也是穆斯林的聚居区,尤其是阿尔及利亚移民居多,也被称为小阿尔及尔。

这一地区在上个世纪90年代出现过比较极端的穆斯林精神领袖。穆斯林社区与伦敦这座历史古城的融合是一个大问题。大量穆斯林的聚居正在改变伦敦的文明空间和结构,这不是某个政府的反恐政策可以在短时间内所能够改变的。文明的冲突和融合不是在基督教世界和穆斯林世界交界的地中海沿岸发生,而是在伦敦、巴黎这样的国际性大城市。对于欧洲来说,反恐与城市的治理是紧密联系在一起的。当一个城市越来越被分割为不同的族群和文明的聚居区的时候,城市的血脉就出现了梗阻,无论财富还是权力就会瘀滞,带来的后果就是对抗的情绪以及事件。

在进入21世纪以来,伦敦的城市空间已经发生了非常重要的变化,穆斯林人口从2001年的61万,上升到2011年的101万,十年之间,增长了40万,伦敦总人口是817万,在东伦敦的某些社区,穆斯林的人口比重达到35%。从人口的分布来看,伦敦的确已经成为基督教和伊斯兰教交接的地带。当然,基督徒还是占据人口多数,但是以目前的人口发展态势来看,伦敦也终归面临塞缪尔·亨廷顿所发出的感叹“我们是谁”。

伦敦在今年上半年已经成为恐怖主义袭击的重灾区。从三月份以来,遭遇三次比较严重的恐怖袭击。虽然伊斯兰国声称要为这些恐怖袭击负责,但是恐怖袭击本土化的趋势已经越来越明显。换句话说,伦敦面临的恐怖主义分子不是来自中东,而是来自这个城市内部。不可否认,极端主义思想通过互联网而传播,特蕾莎·梅希望加强互联网管制,控制这种极端主义和恐怖主义思潮的传播。但是,伦敦自身已经成为恐怖主义分子的温床。受到极端主义思想影响的伦敦穆斯林有两三万人,这一群体的存在足以分化伦敦,撕裂这个城市。

穆斯林群体的增长,恐怖主义事件的发酵,会进一步加剧城市中“阵营”的出现。比如一些穆斯林聚居区中的白人或者基督徒就会用脚投票,离开这一地区,从而让城市中出现“飞地”。谁也无法预知伦敦应该如何终结恐怖主义,或者是要承受与习惯恐怖主义生活化的现实。当全球化让伦敦变成了一个多元文化的城市的时候,同样也带来一种风险,就是身份政治的复苏。宗教信仰是身份认同的基础,每一种宗教中都会有一种原初的规定。基督教经过几百年而世俗化,在伊斯兰教的原教旨主义的激发之下,可能会出现一种对应与对抗性的力量。这次针对穆斯林的小货车事件,可能是不祥的征兆。(孙兴杰 吉林大学公共外交学院副院长)

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