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三伏天是出现在小暑与大暑之间,是一年中气温最高且又潮湿、闷热的日子。伏即为潜伏的意思。“三伏天”的“伏”就是指“伏邪”。即所谓的“六邪”(指“风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火”)中的暑邪。所谓的“伏天儿”,就是指农历“三伏天”,即一年当中最热的一段时间。
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“伏”就是天气太热了,宜伏不宜动。但是三伏天之所以称之为“伏”,是因为也有不少寒冷因素在内。三伏是中原地区在一年中最热的三、四十天,三伏是按农历计算的,大约处在阳历的7月中下旬至8月上旬间。
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入伏后,地表湿度变大,每天吸收的热量多,散发的热量少,地表层的热量累积下来,所以一天比一天热,进入三伏,地面积累热量达到最高峰,天气就最热。另外,夏季雨水多,空气湿度大,水的热容量比干空气要大得多,这也是天气闷热的重要原因。七八月份副热带高压加强,在副高的控制下,高压内部的下沉气流,使天气晴朗少云,有利于阳光照射,地面辐射增温,天气就更热。
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每年入伏的时间不固定,中伏的长短也不相同,需要查历书计算,简单地可以用“夏至三庚”这4字口诀来表示入伏的日期,即从夏至后第3个“庚”日算起,初伏为10天,中伏为10天或20天,末伏为10天。中国古代流行“干支纪日法”,用10个天干与12个地支相配而成的60组不同的名称来记日子,循环使用。每逢有庚字的日子叫庚日。庚日的“庚”字是“ 甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸”10个天干中的第7个字,庚日每10天重复一次。
从夏至开始,依照干支纪日的排列,第3个庚日为初伏,第4个庚日为中伏,立秋后第1个庚日为末伏。当夏至与立秋之间出现4个庚日时中伏为10天,出现5个庚日则为20天。看来,庚日出现的早晚会影响中伏的长短,所以,出现了有些年份伏天30天,有些年份伏天40天的情况。
本文内容由钟德焰提供,文中图片除特别说明外均来源于乌冬。
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