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【微观迪庆】千年古藏手工艺 焕发时代新生机——尼西黑陶传承人的故事
郭军华
国际在线报道(记者 尚禹):陶瓷,是勤劳的中国人千百年来智慧的结晶,可以说是最能代表中华文明的符号之一。可您听说过黑陶吗?位于云南省迪庆藏族自治州尼西乡的汤堆村,是一个以盛产手工黑陶而闻名的村子。靠着黑陶,当地村民不仅传承了一些濒临失传的藏族文明,更打开了一扇脱贫致富的大门。
从香格里拉西北沿214国道一路驱车往北,穿过高山深涧,我们来到了位于青藏高原东南边缘海拔三千米的云南尼西乡汤堆村。这个藏族村庄有着悠久的制陶历史,当地民间的制陶工艺已世代相传了两千多年。在村民的指引下,我们找到了国家级非物质文化遗产——尼西黑陶第七代传承人郭军华的家。
郭军华
郭军华,藏文名叫当珍批初。从小跟着父亲学习制作黑陶,到现在,已经有将近四十年的时间了。郭军华介绍说,他们家祖祖辈辈生活在尼西。依托这里独特的矿物质土壤和环境,黑陶成为了尼西的特产,独一无二。而能把黑陶制作成为一件既能日常使用的炊具,又能当做工艺品和装饰品,尼西制作的工艺流程也是不可复制的。因为首先在原料的选择上,尼西就有独特的优势。郭军华说:“采土是要采那个三种的原料:红黏土,还有一种叫风化石,还有一种是石英石,搭配起来,晒干以后还要去冲、打。那么这个陶土好的一点是含铁和锡,这两种在原料里是最好的。外面的人,福建啊、景德镇的人,他们从这边带了一些土可能去化验过,化验之后(发现)可能在成型和做产品方面很好,所以他们想把这个山搬到福建和景德镇。我们村也开了一个大会,开会后大家也觉得这是一个宝。”
采访中我们了解到,光是选原料就是一件“麻烦事”,有时候甚至要选上一整天。再加上原料加工、捏塑成型,到最后的烧结打磨,由于还没有机械化生产,要做一件完美的黑陶作品,靠纯手工制作至少要耗费一周的时间。所以,对于制作黑陶的艺人来说,耐心和执着就更显重要。但即便如此,当初只有6岁的郭军华,在爸爸的强烈要求下,还是学起了这门手工技艺。郭军华说:“开始的时候,不觉得有什么,也不知道这(黑陶)是什么。爸爸就非要让我做这个,为了传承。不是很想学。真的也不知道,六七岁的时候,就在爸爸旁边坐着玩,有时候星期六、星期日不用上学嘛,他就让我做这个。”
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