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洞穿未来的“超级天眼”

2017-06-08 11:32:23   新华网

500米口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)工程施工场面和满天繁星相映生辉(2016年6月27日摄)。

新华社贵阳6月7日电 题:洞穿未来的“超级天眼

新华社记者齐健

被誉为“天眼”的国家重大科技基础设施500米口径球面射电望远镜2016年9月25日落成启用。经过8个多月的前期调试,近日启动试观测,进入边观测边调试的关键阶段。

国外可参考的大口径望远镜,一般需要3年左右调试。“天眼”采用主动反射面板,控制参数更为复杂。中科院国家天文台的工作团队昼夜无休,为的是在最短时间内完成调试,尽快发挥其科研能力。

古有十年磨一剑,今有二十年“铸天眼”。“天眼”的研制和建设,饱含着中国人对探索宇宙新知的向往。它由中国天文学家于1994年提出构想,经过13年预研究,2007年7月立项,2011年3月开工,历时5年半建设完成。关键技术无先例可循、关键材料急需攻关、核心技术遭遇封锁……从预研到建成的22年时间里,我国老中青三代科技工作者克服了不可想象的困难。

2010年8月,在“天眼”工程开工前夕,团队接到哈尔滨工业大学传来的消息,前期做的所有索网实验全都失败了。“国内顶级的应用于斜拉桥上的钢索,标准强度是200兆帕、抗200万次弯曲,用在‘天眼’实验上都断了。”馈源支撑系统总工程师孙才红说,按设计要求,“天眼”需要强度为500兆帕、抗200万次弯曲的钢索,这意味着把材料工艺提高到国标水平的2.5倍。

当时负责索网疲劳问题的是刚到天文台工作不久的博士生姜鹏,他立下“军令状”,扎根合作研究的公司一线,经过一年半的艰苦技术攻关,完成了索网变位策略优化及疲劳性能评估工作,降低了索网的变位应力幅,最终生产出满足要求的钢索。

美国阿雷西博望远镜的馈源平台重达1000吨,几乎等于用固定轨道把平台架设在半空,这样的设计有利于馈源的定位,却缩小了观测角度。

经过密集的科研攻关,“天眼”最终创新性采取轻型索支撑馈源平台方案,把馈源舱减重到30吨,覆盖天顶角是美国望远镜的两倍,并通过并联机器人二级调整,最终在降低建造成本的同时,实现毫米级高精度定位。

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