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孕期、产期、哺乳期“三期”妇女面对企业刁难如何维权?
在“三期”期间,用人单位主要以女职工做产检、不能满足岗位要求或所谓“正常”劳动强度、“可能无法”完成业绩要求、经济性裁员等莫须有的理由,以调岗等名义与女职工进行所谓的“协商”,逼迫女职工主动辞职。如果女职工不同意辞职,用人单位便以克扣工资、拖欠劳动报酬、暂停缴纳社保和住房公积金、停薪留职、强制休假、开除辞退等粗暴方式或以强制调往不能胜任的岗位、威胁、恐吓、刁难、孤立、排挤、劝说、利诱等柔性方式迫使女职工辞职。需要强调的是,在北京等城市,如果用人单位暂停给劳动者缴纳社保,将对劳动者造成非常严重的影响,即便以后补缴,也会因社保缴费不连续,给劳动者带来难以量化的损失,而且劳动者在制度上没有维权空间。突然暂停缴纳社保,是用人单位逼走劳动者的“撒手锏”,远比拒绝出具“离职证明”凶狠,为很多无良的用人单位采用。
孕期
孕期,特别是用人单位刚刚得知女职工怀孕时,是纠纷的频发期。用人单位对不同员工往往采取不同对策。对于刚入职的新员工,用人单位会去核实怀孕是在入职前,还是在入职后,没有经验的用人单位往往会不计后果将这类新员工开除,理由当然不会是怀孕,可能是“不符合录用条件”或“严重违反单位规章制度”,较少采用“提供虚假信息,违反诚实信用原则”。对于老员工,用人单位往往会与女职工“协商”调岗降薪或停薪留职,很多女职工为避免社保缴纳中断或无法享受生育津贴,往往被迫同意用人单位的要求,“自愿”签署某些协议。对于同意停薪留职和被强制休假的女职工,用人单位往往会以“旷工”“严重违反规章制度”为由,将其开除。没有证据意识的女职工往往会因此遭受损失。
对于必要的产前检查,有的用人单位以病假的方式准假,也有用人单位以事假的方式准假,但比较少。这两种方式都会导致女职工产检期间被克扣工资,导致权益受损。
对于怀孕7个月以上的女职工,较少有用人单位安排加班或夜间劳动,但也较少会减轻工作量,使女职工获得休息时间。稳定的工作压力和结果要求与日益减损的劳动能力形成一对矛盾,成为怀孕后期,劳资矛盾的又一爆发点。
产期
产假期间,女职工与用人单位的矛盾主要集中在何时开始休假、产假何时结束以及产假期间劳动合同“到期”等方面。《女职工劳动保护特别规定》赋予正常情况下的女职工98天产假,《北京市人口与计划生育条例》还额外奖励30天产假,共计128天。但某些用人单位却在“产前可以休假15天”中的“可以”上动脑筋,压缩产前假时间,削减产后假时间,以劳动合同所谓“到期”为由,在女职工产假期间,通知解除劳动关系,完全无视《劳动合同法》的规定。
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