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七国集团衰落态势进一步显现

2017-05-28 14:11:20   国际在线

5月26-27日,一年一度的七国集团(G7)峰会在意大利西西里岛陶尔米纳举行。此次峰会的举行正逢全球化遭遇挑战、西方民粹主义情绪升温、地区和国际热点复杂演变之际,亟待七国集团凝聚共识,指明方向。但是七国共识寥寥,并未能给出解决方案。

由美、英、法、德、意、日、加拿大组成的西方七国首脑会议从共同应对经济危机、引领经济治理扩大到协商各种政治、安全及全球性议题,自20世纪80年代开始在全球治理中发挥重要作用。1998年吸收俄罗斯参加形成八国集团(G8),从“富国俱乐部”向“大国俱乐部”转变。科索沃危机中,八国集团率先通过解决危机的总原则,令联合国黯然失色。之后八国集团日益活跃,一度被誉为“超级联合国”,对联合国地位形成挑战。但是2008年国际金融危机爆发以来,八国集团风光不再,在全球治理中的地位被二十国集团(G20)取代。近年来,俄罗斯与其他七国围绕叙利亚问题尖锐对立,八国集团实际上变成了“七国加一国”。2014年,七国以俄罗斯“吞并”克里米亚为由,撤销俄参会资格。

七国集团重新成为最富有的西方国家的协商平台,并突出意识形态色彩,强调人权、劳工和环境标准,凸显西方价值观;寻求对中俄立场一致,以所谓的规则约束中俄行为;非安理会常任理事国如日本,热烈期望联合其他西方国家,集体应对中国崛起和朝鲜威胁。这些动向凸显了“西方”与“非西方”对立以及地缘政治较量,无助于提升七国集团在全球治理中的作用。从本次峰会看,七国集团衰落态势进一步显现。

其一,特朗普政府对维护西方的整体利益兴趣缺乏,无意发挥领导作用。特朗普奉行“美国第一”政策,为此不惜牺牲西方团结。此次峰会美国在反恐问题上与其他国家达成一致,但在其他问题上,美欧日分歧严重。在贸易问题上,特朗普背离七国集团关于自由贸易的一贯立场,不愿对自由和开放的贸易作出承诺;在气候变化上,特朗普抛弃了奥巴马总统的清洁能源政策,对接受2015年达成的巴黎气候协定犹豫不决,而其余六国均支持该协定。在对待移民和难民问题上,特朗普发布了旅行禁令,德国总理默克尔和法国总统马克龙则持宽容态度。在对俄罗斯政策上,七国内部存在温差。特朗普在峰会之前指责德国对美倾销汽车,引起德国总理默克尔不满,加上在难民问题上的分歧,美德龃龉增多。七国集团并非铁板一块,但是特朗普的政策可能激化西方内部矛盾,令七国集团更难以在全球治理上发挥引领作用。

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