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【网络中国节】追忆端午风俗 酝酿中华精神乡愁

2017-05-28 10:01:21   中国网

唐伟 北京大学中文系博士后

如果说,节日是一个季节的性格,那么,相对于春华秋实的嘉誉,夏日若少了“四时花竞巧,九子粽争新”的端午,即便是有炎炎酷暑的助兴,恐怕也会显得有些偏执和单调。

给夏日画龙点睛的端午,“正是浴兰时节动,菖蒲酒美清尊共”,老百姓在五月初五这一天,用草药煎水沐浴,以驱邪气,制菖蒲泡酒小酌,尽得滋味。民间端午手系彩线、门挂艾蒿的习俗,千古而然,至今流传。

也不惟普通人家在端午日盘丝系腕,巧篆垂簪,古时的帝王将相也同样在这一天兴致高涨,与民齐乐。李隆基《端午武成殿宴群官》有诗云:“端午临中夏,时清人复长”,作为一国之君的玄宗皇帝,端午节体察气象时令,抒发盛世豪情。而之所以选择在端午宴请文武百官,或许是这位开元圣文神武皇帝,也深知端午“樱桃桑椹与菖蒲,更买雄黄酒一壶”的风俗人情吧。

五月的端午,可能是中国所有传统节日中最讲究风水的一个。客观说来,注重择时乘气的风水,并不完全就是一种迷信,风水其实包含了先民对宇宙万物和生命起源最原初的一种观察和思考。而饶有意味的是,夏季本身就是一年四季中最风生水起、吐故纳新的一个,讲究逢凶化吉、趋利避害的端午降生于夏季,或许并非偶然。

人文系于天文,风水生成风俗。端午的风俗除了拴丝线、挂艾草、赛龙舟、吃粽子等之外,还很难离开一个“祭”字:无论说端午是源起古代吴越地区的龙图腾崇拜,还是发端于江浙一带悼念伍子胥,抑或是如今更广为人知的“节分端午自谁言,万古传闻为屈原。”我们看到,礼拜供奉,祭祀水神、龙神,抑或历史英魂,端午的起源,从庙堂到江湖都与“祭祀”紧密相关。通过对远古图腾抑或英魂先烈的寄望,对那种昂扬奋进意志的铭记(龙图腾),对忠诚勇敢行为的表彰(伍子胥和屈原),华夏子孙以端午为节点,给自己形设了一片深远的精神飞地。

承载着祭祀意义的端午和作为传统节日的端午,又非常具有中国气派所谓“国之大事,在祀与戎”,中华文化的根脉,不从来都是与祭祀有着最紧密的关联么?从这个意义上说,在火热的夏日,突出祭祀这样一个主题,似乎又显得别有深意:虽然不敢妄加揣测断定选择在燥热中沉静下来,是为体现一种阴阳相生相克的中国文化,这种牵强附会可能有点夸大其词的意味,但在暑气蒸腾的夏日,捧一盏清酒,折一束苦艾,说是于动静相宜中觅得一份故人沉思与心境安宁应该也并不为过。

现如今的端午,风俗意义已远超过其风水意味,祭祀追怀也由古老的图腾崇拜,逐渐转变为祭奠一位忠君爱国的浪漫诗人。在中国文化的历史长河里,从来不乏诗意的酵素,当绵延千年的粽香,携带周秦汉唐的气息,从茫茫禹迹一路跨越,飘向神州海外,我们对端午的风水想象和风俗追忆,酝酿的正是一种浓得化不开的中华精神乡愁。

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