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法国再掀改革波澜,马克龙打破禁区敢为人先?

2017-05-26 08:06:48   新华网

法国新总统马克龙近期在新一届政府首次内阁会议上,要求内阁成员迅速启动五大改革,即劳动法改革、教育改革、财政预算编制改革、公共生活道德规范改革以及简化行政手续改革。

马克龙决心推进改革,但他将要面对的近10%的高失业率、占比过重的政府开支等难题,是过去几十年累积下来的,非一时三刻可解决。在重重考验面前,马克龙能否成功凝聚社会共识,打破改革禁区?

剑指改革禁区 马克龙遭遇抵制

外媒分析认为,马克龙改革的核心之一是要试图解决与劳动力市场相关的问题。在马克龙看来,劳动市场运转失灵、劳动力成本太高、流动性不足,是导致法国经济疲软乏力的重要原因。对此,马克龙给出的一剂“猛药”是修改僵化的劳动法,包括下调对企业利润的征税及低收入工人的所得税;对解雇工人的成本加以限制;向工会施压,要求其同意在企业层面的弹性劳动条款;尽可能缩小政府的规模等。

劳动法改革问题在法国极其敏感。奥朗德政府曾于2016年尝试开展旨在延长劳动时间、激活劳动市场的劳动法改革。结果,改革草案刚公布便引起轩然大波,法国街头运动此起彼伏,持续4个多月。执政的社会党因此在政治上付出了沉重代价。

一向支持经济自由化的马克龙在竞选期间曾多次声称,要尽快改革劳动法。据法国媒体报道,法国总工会和法国工人力量总工会等各大工会势力均在不同程度上反对这一改革。巴黎第一大学法学教授让-埃马纽埃尔·雷日前在接受法国媒体采访时说,如果马克龙不能与工会势力达成妥协,那么“这一改革完全有可能失败,并使马克龙的政治处境变得较为艰难”。

事实上,马克龙与法国工会的较量已经展开。在马克龙刚刚当选1天后,工会就在巴黎举行了游行活动以抗议他的政策。

分歧严重 马克龙改革难以凝聚共识

马克龙较大胆的改革主张不可避免地会遭到诸多抵制。要想有效推行改革,马克龙领导的执政党需要在6月举行的法国议会选举赢得多数席位。

马克龙或许可以得意于对勒庞的压倒性胜利,但他必须认清一个事实,那就是约34%的法国选民刚刚把票投给了一位极右翼候选人。而且在首轮总统选举投票中,极左和极右翼候选人合计得票接近41%。另外,左翼和右翼政党在议会选举中也会分薄选票。这意味着,执政党在议会选举中取得多数议席的难度很大,届时施政难免受掣肘。

时下的法国,改革面临多重困境。马克龙以改革者自居,但留给他的“改革”空间和时间并不充裕。以法国当前社会情况来看,要想凝聚共识,推进改革,可谓道阻且长。马克龙的智慧和胆识能解决这些难题吗?今日的掌声会否变成明日嘘声?世人将拭目以待。

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