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美军研制可每天发射的可重复用空天飞机

2017-05-25 15:37:22   新华社

新华社华盛顿5月24日电(记者林小春)美国军方24日宣布,已选中波音公司提交的方案研制XS-1可重复使用高超音速空天飞机,为美军提供快速、频繁且低成本进入近地轨道的能力,目标是每天都能发射一次XS-1前往太空部署卫星。

美国防部高级研究项目局当天发表声明说,XS-1航天器不载人,大小相当于商用飞机,它将像火箭一样垂直起飞,以高超音速飞行。与此前美军X-37B空天飞机不一样的是,XS-1将完全以自带的低温推进剂作为动力,而不需要借助火箭发射上天。

按照设想,当XS-1抵达近地轨道后,它将释放又被称为“太空摆渡车”的一次性使用上面级,这个上面级能把一颗重1360千克的卫星发射至更高的极地轨道。然后,XS-1掉转方向返回地球,像飞机一样水平落地,再经过类似现代飞机一般的维修后,数小时内就能再次发射使用。

声明指出,现在要把一颗卫星发射上天,需要经过几个月甚至几年时间的准备,而不是像XS-1项目设想的那样只需数天时间。因此,这种空天飞机如果能研制成功,将使美国在遭遇军事或商业卫星灾难性损失时能彻底恢复能力,加强美国国家安全。

美国防部高级研究项目局项目经理耶斯·斯波纳布尔在声明中说:“XS-1既不是传统的飞机,也不是传统的发射工具,而是两者的结合物,目标是把发射成本降至十分之一,消除目前发射令人沮丧的漫长的等待时间。”

XS-1空天飞机项目的研发计划分为3个阶段。2014年第一阶段启动,波音、马斯滕太空系统和诺思罗普-格鲁曼3家公司被选中分别进行项目设计。3年后的今天,波音的“鬼怪快车”设计方案胜出。

在接下来的第二阶段,波音将研制一个供技术验证的空天飞机,2019年进行10天10次发动机地面点火测试。在第三阶段,XS-1将进行12到15次飞行测试,时间暂定于2020年。如果一切顺利,XS-1将进行10天发射10次的飞行,起初不携带载荷,最大飞行速度为5马赫(1马赫为1倍音速),但最终飞行速度将提高至10马赫,并向近地轨道发射重量介于400千克到1360千克的示范性载荷。

美国防部高级研究项目局表示,XS-1将使用美国航天飞机使用的主发动机AR-22,燃料是液氧液氢。如果这个项目取得成果,那么包括上面级在内,XS-1每次发射成本将不超过500万美元。

波音公司鬼怪工厂主席达里·戴维斯在一份声明中说:“‘鬼怪快车’旨在颠覆、变革我们今天所知道的卫星发射过程,创造新的按需太空发射能力,经济实惠且风险更低。”

美国防部高级研究项目局战术技术办公室主任布拉德·图斯利表示,很高兴看到真正未来的技术能力越来越接近现实,像飞机一样、按需、常规进入太空的航天器对满足关键国防需求具有重要意义,并有助于打开通向一系列下一代商业机会的大门。

(原标题:美军研制可每天发射的可重复用空天飞机)

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