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服刑中的“黑老大”提37亿国家赔偿为何会被受理

2017-05-24 10:53:06   法制网

法制网特约评论员 王锐园

近日,一则辽宁“黑老大”申请37亿元国家赔偿金的新闻引发关注,尚在服刑的袁某委托律师,向辽宁省公安厅递交了37.3亿余元的国家赔偿申请,要求返还被办案机关扣押的且经法院认定不属于违法所得的财产。目前此事有了最新进展,其代理律师证实,辽宁省公安厅已经发出了受理通知书,正式立案。

国家赔偿制度是监督公权、保护私权的重要途径,也是衡量司法文明的重要标尺之一。以往我们常常在冤假错案追责过程中看到国家赔偿的影子,而在这一案件中,其申请人为正在服刑的罪犯,也不存在冤假案的成分,因此,全面分析和妥善处理此案具有一定的积极意义。案件中,当事人能不能提起赔偿申请、该不该赔偿以及赔偿范围等问题,都需要从法律视角进行梳理。

当事人能不能提出国家赔偿申请?本案中,国家赔偿的申请人系正在服刑的罪犯,与以往被宣告无罪的犯罪嫌疑人不同,本案判决和办案活动并未被全盘否定,嫌疑人所提起的国家赔偿申请也仅限于公安机关查封、扣押的相关合法财产,对此,能不能提起申请可以从法律依据和立法本意来分析。国家赔偿法第六条规定了赔偿请求主体,即“受害的公民、法人和其他组织”。从法律表述来看,其并未区分有罪和无罪的人,而是强调“受害”二字,即只要存在受害的情形,就可以提起国家赔偿;此外,从权利保障的角度而言,人身权和财产权都必然受到平等保护,只要是公民的合法财产,无论其是否犯罪、属何种身份,都应得到充分的保障。因此,正在服刑的当事人可以提起国家赔偿申请。

该不该进行国家赔偿?国家赔偿的范围具有法定性,与一般的民事赔偿相比在主体、程序、举证等方面都存在不同。本案中,明确当事人袁某的申请是否属于国家赔偿是处理该案的前提。国家赔偿法第四条规定了行政机关侵犯财产权的情形,包括“违法对财产采取查封、扣押、冻结等行政强制措施的”情形;我国刑事诉讼法规定“与案件无关的财物、文件,不得查封、扣押”,且规定“经查明确实与案件无关的,应当在三日以内解除查封、扣押、冻结,予以退还”。此外,《公安机关办理刑事案件适用查封、冻结措施有关规定》中指出:“公安机关办理刑事案件适用查封、冻结措施,因违反有关规定导致国家赔偿的,应当承担相应的赔偿责任。”本案中,辽宁高院判决由查封、扣押、冻结机关依法返还并非用于违法犯罪活动的资金,并认定了公安机关存在追缴、没收不当的情形。从法律依据和法院的判决来看,案件处理过程中存在查封、扣押、冻结不当的情形,应当属于国家赔偿的范围,办案机关应当进行赔偿。

赔偿的数额应该是多少?本案引发关注的重要因素是37亿元的天价数额,但具体的赔偿数额并非由当事人决定,而是要结合案件实际情况,并结合相应证据进行认定。其中关键工作是要证实公安机关查封、扣押的财产不属于犯罪所得或供犯罪活动所用,而是当事人合法所有的财产。国家赔偿法第三十六条规定:“应当返还的财产损坏的,能够恢复原状的恢复原状,不能恢复原状的,按照损害程度给付相应的赔偿金;应当返还的财产灭失的,给付相应的赔偿金”;并规定“对财产权造成其他损害的,按照直接损失给予赔偿”。此处要注意的是,国家赔偿过程中目前是按照“直接损失”给予赔偿,“间接损失”不进行赔偿。因此,本案中发生的间接损失不属于国家赔偿法中的范围,具体的赔偿数额要结合案情开展进一步的分类、测算和评估工作,37亿元可能并非最后的赔偿数额。

(作者系中国刑事警察学院讲师)

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