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特朗普打出以巴和平牌意图何在

2017-05-20 06:21:12   新华网

新华社北京5月19日电 新闻分析:特朗普打出以巴和平牌意图何在

美国总统特朗普19日启程前往中东,开始其担任总统后的首次外访,其中一项重要议题是与中东国家领导人商谈如何推进以色列和巴勒斯坦实现和平。

以巴问题从1948年以色列建国算起,至今已经持续将近70年,很难在短期内有重大突破。特朗普这次打出了以巴和平这张牌,恐怕看重的并非是否能有突破,而更可能是要通过推动以巴和平进程这一过程,来达到其他目的。

今年2月15日,就任不久的特朗普在会见以色列总理内塔尼亚胡时表示,无论以色列和巴勒斯坦达成“一国方案”还是“两国方案”,他都将给予支持。此番话引起国际舆论高度关注。5月3日,特朗普在会见巴勒斯坦总统阿巴斯时表示,美国将全力促成以巴之间达成全面和平协议,而且这个目标“非常有可能”实现。

然而,以巴达成全面和平协议谈何容易。自从埃及和以色列在美国斡旋下于1978年签署“戴维营协议”以来,历届美国政府都为推动以巴和平进程作出努力,但是成效不大。与此同时,以色列对其所占领土的控制越来越牢固,在巴勒斯坦被占领土上修建的定居点也越来越多。2011年以后,以色列多次在叙利亚和黎巴嫩境内发动袭击。对此,阿拉伯国家既没有招架之功,也没有还手之力。

中国现代国际关系研究院中东问题专家陈双庆指出,2013年至2014年,美国时任国务卿克里9个月内10多次在中东穿梭斡旋,但最终以失败告终,因为以巴双方立场相距太远,在很多具体问题上针锋相对。特朗普上台后,也并没有拿出一个能被以巴双方接受的、切实可行的解决方案。

博联社总裁、北京外国语大学教授马晓霖也认为,此前以巴谈判已经进入一个死胡同,特朗普这次在以巴之间的促和努力,前景难以令人乐观。

上世纪70年代,美国中东政策的总设计师基辛格在总结以巴问题症结时认为,“以色列要和平与承认,阿拉伯国家要领土和公正”。如今,以色列已经得到两个重要邻国埃及和约旦的承认,所面临的安全威胁不断降低。反观阿拉伯国家,从以色列那里讨回领土和公正的难度越来越大。应该说,以巴之间达成全面和平协议特别是让以色列承认巴勒斯坦独立的可能性,同40多年前相比不是增加而是减少了。

根据基辛格构建的美国中东战略,美国应该“致力于过程而不是结果”。基辛格认为,美国要在解决以巴冲突中扮演积极角色,但应该避免预设最终目标。

据美国媒体报道,特朗普在外交上受基辛格影响很大,不大可能反其道而行之。特朗普会更加重视推动以巴实现和平的过程而不是最终结果,这将给特朗普带来多个好处。首先,可以改善特朗普从政经验不足特别是不擅外交的形象;其次,可以改善美国与阿拉伯国家之间关系,减缓阿拉伯国家民众普遍存在的反美情绪;再次,可以改善以色列和阿拉伯国家之间关系,减少以巴问题被中东极端势力利用的可能性。

在当前中东局势动荡、恐怖势力猖獗、反美反以情绪高涨的情况下,特朗普把首次外访目的地选在中东并大张旗鼓调解以巴冲突,对于他本人来说,这或许是一张“好牌”,但对于阿拉伯国家来说,实际利益又在哪里呢?(记者罗国芳 邵杰)

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