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黄群慧:全面实施制造强国战略的新阶段
2017-05-19 11:03:53 中国经济网
【经济日报·编者的话】 制造业是经济发展的脊梁,制造业升级是经济转型的关键。2015年5月19日,我国正式发布《中国制造2025》,这是我国实施制造强国战略第一个十年的行动纲领,意味着开始全面部署实施制造强国战略。这一战略是基于中国国情、世界工业化趋势和中国的工业化发展阶段提出的重大发展战略,对中国现代进程具有重大战略意义。经过两年时间,随着《中国制造2025》的“1+X”规划体系全部发布,制造强国战略进入全面实施的新阶段。时值《中国制造2025》发布两周年之际,我们约请国家制造强国建设战略咨询委员会委员黄群慧撰文对此进行深入分析和阐述,以飨读者。
从工业化进程认识制造强国战略
中国提出的制造强国战略,应该放到工业化进程的大背景来认识。近代以来,中国实现工业化、成为一个经济现代化国家,是众多仁人志士为之奋斗终生的一个伟大梦想。在经过改革开放以来的快速工业化进程,中国已经快速地走过了工业化的初期和中期,研究表明,进入到“十二五”以后,中国整体已经步入工业化后期。但是,从工业增加值率、劳动生产率、创新能力、核心技术拥有、关键零部件生产、所处全球价值链环节、高端产业占比等各方面衡量,我国的工业是大而不强的。工业化后期对中国通过技术创新驱动产业结构转型升级提出了新要求,而工业尤其是制造业既是技术创新的来源方又是技术创新的应用方,可以说,没有制造业从大到强的转变,整个经济就无法实现转型升级。因此,实施制造强国战略、推进制造业从大到强的转变是中国深化工业化进程、实现工业化梦想的必然要求。
从世界工业化进程看,近些年发达工业国积极推进“再工业化”战略,其“再工业化”战略的核心是通过推出一系列的规划,引领新一轮工业革命的潮流,适应制造业信息化和服务化的趋势,不断强化其制造业在全球竞争优势和价值链的高端位置。比如,美国的先进制造业伙伴计划、德国的工业4.0、日本的产业复兴计划,等等。世界工业化进程中所呈现出的这种以制造业信息化和制造业服务化为特征的新工业革命,对我国既是严峻的挑战也是重大历史机遇。从挑战来看,由于我国工业大而不强,虽然我国工业有低成本优势,但工业现代化水平还远落后于世界工业强国,我国工业主要还处于国际产业分工链条的中低端,我国工业生产技术水平和研究开发能力与世界先进水平还有较大的差距。在新工业革命的背景下,发达国家可以利用其先发优势、创新能力和产业高端位势,形成对我国劳动力低成本优势的替代和产业向中高端升级的高端下压态势,这不利于我国经济向全球价值链高端攀升。从机遇来看,我国已经步入工业化后期,正处于经济结构转型升级的关键时期,而新工业革命催发了大量的新技术、新产业、新业态和新模式,为我国产业从低端走向中高端奠定了技术经济基础和指明了发展方向。现在,我国已经成为全球制造业第一大国,具有了抓住这次新工业革命历史性机遇的产业基础条件。同时,我国具有规模超大、需求多样的国内市场,也为新工业革命提供了广阔的需求空间。因此,在新工业革命这种世界工业化新趋势下,我们需要在分析新工业革命给我国带来的机遇与挑战的前提下,制定出自己的制造强国战略,这既是我国自身经济发展和转型升级的需要,也是适应世界工业化趋势的需要。
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