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C919或拉动万亿美元产业链价值

2017-05-16 08:16:05   中国经济周刊

(本文刊发于《中国经济周刊》2017年第19期)

87岁的程不时拄着拐杖颤颤巍巍地站在人群中。作为运十的总设计师,他亲历了中国大飞机梦追逐之路的艰辛,要来亲眼见证中国航空发展史上历史性的时刻。

5月5日下午2点,上海浦东机场第四跑道,我国自主研制的首款国际主流水准的干线客机C919顺利起飞,历时1小时20分钟后,完成空中首秀。

激动渐退,国人开始冷静思考:C919的“自主研制”是如何实现的?在全球高度垄断的民航制造业,C919首飞之后还将面临多少挑战才能被全球商业市场接受?这个从诞生之日就承载太多民族希望的大项目,在首飞成功后又将带动多少经济效益?

“自主研制”是如何实现的?

据了解,C919的研发模式是大型客机制造企业普遍采取的一种运作模式“主供”模式,这种模式历经了全球民航制造业40年的探索。

中国商飞向《中国经济周刊》记者介绍,“主制造商一供应商”的运作模式基于现代企业制度考虑,在海内外优选系统设备和机体结构等方面的优质供应商,重点加强飞机设计集成、总装制造、市场营销、客户服务和适航取证等能力建设。

在这种模式下,C919的研制机体部件主要由国内供应商承制,包括雷达罩、机头、机身、机翼等;发动机及主要机载系统,则根据订户需求,由国外供应商同国内相关企业开展合资或合作共同完成。

对此,外界有人提出质疑:“C919能算自主研制的吗?”

中国民航大学经济管理学院教授李晓津向《中国经济周刊》记者表示:“虽然C919很多部件依靠国外主流供应商,但是在生产过程中离不开自主研发和创新,包括中国民航大学在内的30多所高校和其他科研机构都有参与。”

对于一架飞机而言,到底什么是自主设计?C919总设计师吴光辉认为,拥有完全自主知识产权是针对飞机整体设计来说的。这主要体现在三个方面:第一,根据市场需求,设定设计方案;第二,零部件供应需符合设计方案;第三,系统集成掌握在自己手中。

吴光辉认为:“中国商飞的知识产权体现在对系统之间的集成控制上。C919上有几百万个接口,这关系到液压、航电等多系统之间的关联,绝不是简单的拼接。如何关联,就取决于飞机的设计方案。”

据《中国经济周刊》记者了解, 虽然全球航空制造业看起来已处于垄断状态之中,但实际却是几乎没有一架飞机是完全在一家工厂里生产出来的。比如空客飞机有30%的制造是在美国进行,而波音飞机35%的制造是在日本完成。

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