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作者:中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所 杨盼盼
本周一统计局公布的数据显示,2017年第1季度中国实际GDP增速达到6.9%,是2015年第4季度以来的高点,为今年经济开了一个好头。周中,国际货币基金组织(IMF)也发布了2017春季《世界经济展望》,中国2017年经济增速预计为6.6%,同期,全球经济增速预计为3.5%,新兴市场和发展中国家经济增速预计为4.5%。中国经济增长在全球仍然保持着领先局面,同时,中国也为全球经济复苏注入动能,按照IMF的这一估计,仅中国的增长就将贡献全球经济增长的约三分之一。
除了中国经济增长本身对于世界经济的贡献,中国经济转型带来的正向溢出效应同样值得关注。
中国经济正在实现由投资驱动转向消费驱动的转型,这一转型带来了更为积极的对外溢出效应。2017年第1季度,中国消费增速为5.3%,对增长的贡献率达77.2%,创下2012年第1季度以来的新高。与此同时,消费者信心处于近十年高位。强劲内需带来进口显著好转,以2017年第1季度的进口增速来看,中国1月、2月和3月经季节调整的同比进口增速分别为17.6%、11.8%和20.1%。中国的进口需求对应着其他国家的出口,中国作为其他国家重要出口市场是近段时间全球众多国家经济复苏的重要原因。进口增速的上升使得以中国市场为主要贸易伙伴国家的出口出现好转,带动了经济增速的上升。以东亚地区主要经济体为例,第1季度中国从韩国、印尼、新加坡、越南的进口同比增速分别为12.8%、55.8%、54.6%和23.4%,这部分成为这些国家总体出口增速大增的原因,他们的总体出口增速分别为15.0%、21.0%、18.0%和16.5%,出口回暖带动东亚地区国家出现普遍复苏。
曾经,加工贸易是中国对外贸易的一大特征,也就是说,中国与其他国家的部分贸易并不直接对应着中国的需求,而是对应着第三方市场(如欧美)的需求。然而,根据贸易方式分类的进口规模占比,这一情形正在改变:2006年,中国进口规模中加工贸易和一般贸易的占比基本相同,都是40%左右,而2016年时,一般贸易占比上升至56.4%,加工贸易则下降至25.0%,2017年第1季度,一般贸易占比进一步上升至59.9%,加工贸易进一步下降至22.6%。一般贸易占比上升而加工贸易占比下降反映出中国作为最终需求的影响力正在加速上升。根据OECD-WTO增加值贸易数据库,全世界范围内因中国需求引致的增加值规模正在加速上升,2001-2006年平均增速为13.5%,2007-2011年平均增速上升至23.5%。上述数据表明,中国经济转型及国内需求的提升将通过贸易渠道更为直接地体现为向外部国家的正向溢出。
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