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网约车变黑车源于供给不足

2017-04-25 03:56:08   法制日报

□ 冯海宁

“滴滴出行”数据显示,21点至23点,北京地区快车打车平均成功率仅为54.1%,接近一半的用户叫车需求无法被有效满足,供需明显失衡。记者体验发现,随着网约车平台对非京牌车的限制,黑车市场有抬头趋势,一些黑车司机则明确表示,自己曾经是开网约车的,但是现在“不好干”了,转而开起了黑车(4月24日《新京报》)。

从去年开始,包括北京、广州在内的50多个城市都规定网约车必须是本地牌照。这些城市限制外地车牌,主要是为了减少拥堵,这可以理解。但结果不尽如人意,由于符合规定条件的网约车数量大幅减少,供给难以满足需求,必然会出现市民打车难、黑车“死灰复燃”等问题。也就是说,部分网约车变成“黑车”应该是意料之中的事。

记者的体验证实了上述判断。比如一到晚上黑车加价现象普遍,司机要价高于正常打车价格一倍也“正常”,因为“物以稀为贵”。再如,一些曾经的网约车司机开起黑车,原因是网约车新政对司机资质、车辆有相关要求,而开黑车则不用符合这些要求。不难发现,无论是打车难、打车贵还是黑车重现,人们的出行似乎又回到了网约车出现之前。

部分网约车之前就是黑车,加入网约车平台之后,黑车司机变成网约车司机,收入因此增涨了不少,一方面能从平台获得奖励;另一方面,平台能提供很多客户。但网约车新政实施后,外地牌照的网约车缺少合法身份,于是又回到黑车行列。而这种“回归”,不但使得黑车司机面临违法风险,乘客也面临安全隐患。这一现象应引起高度重视。

如果对黑车拉客还采取过去的治理模式,恐怕又将上演“猫鼠游戏”——执法者千方百计去围堵,而黑车司机千方百计逃避打击。这种治理成本不低,效果也不理想。笔者以为,治理黑车“死灰复燃”,必须增加交通服务供给以满足市民出行需求,尤其是在晚上21点至23点这样的时间段以及城市郊区。增加交通服务供给应从多个方面入手: 首先应该弥补公共交通服务短板。到了晚上,不仅地铁以及大多数公交车会陆续停运,一些出租车司机也回家休息,市民出行难的问题无疑更加突出。据报道,上海地铁现在好多线路,逢周末末班车都延长到了零点以后,这是解决深夜市民出行难的一种善举。但仅地铁在周末延长服务时间是不够的,还需要对公交车服务时间、服务线路作出适当调整。

其次是鼓励市场交通力量发挥积极作用。既可以鼓励出租车在夜间、公共交通服务薄弱的地区适当增加供给,也可以鼓励网约车平台在打车难的时间段和地点增加服务——通过大数据应该不难发现以上交通痛点。具体的鼓励方式可以是财政适当补贴,也可以是适当减税。辅之以政策鼓励,出租车、网约车应该能够弥补公共交通短板。

只有增加合法的交通服务供给,市民才不会乘坐黑车。对黑车非法运营也要持续治理以维护交通秩序、保障乘客权益。但关键不是打击黑车,而是需要正视网约车新政实施后,打车难、打车贵这些老问题再次出现。假如通过增加公共交通、鼓励出租车网约车仍无法解决市民出行难题,适当放宽对网约车的条件限制,或许也是一种选择。

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