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阻击生物入侵是场持久战 专门法律几乎空白

2018-01-18 11:20:51   中国新闻网

据报道,洞庭湖近日4个自然保护区清理了核心区内的全部欧美黑杨,累计清理79982亩,共197万株。“像洞庭湖这样大规模出现欧美黑杨,是人为引进的,绝非自然存在。”17日在接受科技日报记者专访时,中国农科院植物保护研究所生物入侵研究室首席科学家万方浩研究员表示,我国是世界上遭受生物入侵最严重的国家之一,外来有害生物非常难缠,是“多频次、多点位”地入侵,必须稳定、长期、持久地做阻击生物入侵的工作。

万方浩等专家都认为,以国际贸易、国际大型社会展示展览、国际旅游为主的人类活动,是生物入侵的主要途径。“随着全球经济一体化的飞速发展,国际进出口贸易和旅游活动将会急剧增加,外来有害物种在不同国家间的传入与转移不可避免。一些人类不经意的行为也会携带外来有害生物,‘藏’在产品与包装材料里,‘粘’在人们鞋底下,‘匿’于衣服中等等,从而进入国门。不了解有害生物传入的途径,希望能一朝一时地解决外来物种入侵,自然是缘木求鱼。”

每年造成损失超2000亿元

中央环保督察组在督察反馈意见中指出,欧美黑杨大面积种植,损害洞庭湖的自然生态。“欧美黑杨是通过行政命令引进洞庭湖流域的,有种植大户的参与,这样的情况虽然不多,但我国外来物种入侵给农业、林业、淡水和海洋生态系统造成巨大损害的案例,实在是太多了。”万方浩给记者举例说,互花米草,从广西一直延伸到辽宁盘锦,漫长海岸线上的滩涂湿地都能看到它的身影,生长有互花米草地方的生物多样性迅速下降;加拿大一枝黄花,以惊人的繁殖和生长能力成为很多地方的“霸王花”,使其他植物失去生长空间;水葫芦和水白菜泛滥,严重影响水质等。

据统计,目前我国外来入侵物种已达620余种,在国际自然保护联盟公布的全球100种最具威胁的外来物种中,我国就有50种,每年造成超过2000亿元的直接经济损失。如林业有害生物危害逐年加重,发生面积已由2000年的1.2亿亩上升到2013年的1.8亿亩,直接经济损失也由每年800亿元上升到1100亿元。

专门法律几乎空白

外来物种入侵威胁粮食安全、生物安全和生态安全。“我国在防治外来物种入侵方面虽然起步晚,但力度大、进展快。”万方浩说,在管理机构方面,农业部等行业部门设立了相应的管理办公室和研究中心;2015年,农业部公布了第一批国家外来物种重点管控名单;2016年底科技部启动了国家重点研发计划“生物安全关键技术研发”专项计划等。

“但我国目前专门针对生物入侵的法律几乎空白。”万方浩说,法律的空白使执法几乎无据可依。比如目前盛行的“海淘”,从外国进口巴西龟、有毒的彩色蛙等。“你去没收,有什么依据?”

只要有贸易就会有生物入侵

万方浩把外来有害物种入侵的途径主要分为三种,一是通过人为活动,比如国际贸易、国际旅游、国际展览等大型活动,这是主要入侵途径;二是我国有很长的边境线,外来有害物种“溜溜达达”地通过边境线到“邻居”这里来串门、走亲戚;三是物种随台风、雨水等自然情况进入。“在南海的岛屿上,没有太多的人类活动,但外来有害物种也特别多。”

“面对这样的严峻情况,一是建立大数据,开展外来有害生物的风险评估与预警工作,为部门与地方提供监管依据;二是在全国范围内,根据不同经济与生产活动区域等,如自然廊道前沿、自贸区周边、物流集散地、港口口岸、边民自由交易地等建立前哨监测网络,开展追踪索源检测与监测;三是强化根除、灭绝与拦截工作,防治扩散与传播;四是开展大区域的减灾控制,实施全面治理,尽可能地减少经济与生态损失。”万方浩认为,只要有贸易发生,就会有生物入侵。因此,生物入侵防控是一场持久战。(科技日报北京1月17日电)

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