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评论:关心“冰花男孩” 更应关心乡村教育

2018-01-17 15:35:38   中国新闻网

  关心“冰花男孩”,更应关心乡村教育

中国新闻周刊评论员/闫肖锋

“冰花男孩”不仅在国内火了,还火到了国外。这个名叫小福的男孩是云南省昭通市鲁甸县转山包力辉苗圃希望小学三年级的学生,为了赶上期末考试,一大早冒着低温走了4.5公里山路来到学校。而这个满头冰凌、满手冻疮赶考的小男孩,考了99分。媒体于是热传:外国网友终于知道中国为什么强大了。人们也纷纷求地址,要求捐款。

资料图:“冰花男孩”。图片来源:视觉中国

令人欣慰的是,“冰花男孩”走红网络后,当地加强应对寒潮低温冰冻天气,组织各级各类学校认真排查学生温暖过冬保障工作,特别是留守儿童的在校安全工作、监护人监护情况,当地青基会将统一接受社会捐赠并启动暖冬行动,一些机构也发起高寒山区学校的定向捐赠活动。同时,有企业到转山包小学给孩子们捐赠了过冬衣物,还给小福的父亲提供了就近的就业岗位。

小福爸爸对记者说:很多人打电话来,说可以资助我们家,我很感谢。但是关注的这种热度,总会过去,我怕到时候有这种变化(落差),反而会影响到孩子……我不希望因为这件事让他觉得可以不劳而获,还是要脚踏实地。

“冰花男孩”的故事是中国贫困山区留守儿童的真实写照,小福不过是千千万万留守儿童中的一个。再穷不能穷教育,再苦不能苦孩子,尤其是留守儿童。一个孩子上学,要在崎岖的山路走上4.5公里,还需冒着刺骨的冰雪,没有校车不说,连基本的御寒衣物都缺乏——在热炒和卖萌之余,我们必须面对“冰花男孩”背后的真命题。

第一,“冰花男孩”事件告诉人们一个真实的中国乡村,而扶贫攻坚如何加大力度,让更多贫困县摘下帽子,仍任重道远。

第二,关心“冰花男孩”,更应关心乡村教育。这又主要集中在两个问题上:一个是校舍,另一个是师资力量。

转山包小学位于鲁甸县高寒山区,小福的同学们有的要早上五点半起床,步行三个小时的山路上学。现在学校正在修建二层房子,可用来当作学生宿舍,避免孩子每天长途奔波。希望这样的好事不要等到下一个“冰花男孩”被发现。校舍问题需要当地财政优先拨款,也需要社会各界爱心捐助共同建造。

相对于校舍问题,师资问题则难多了。如何留住乡村教师?

最近,一部表现乡村儿童教育的电影《一个人的课堂》上映,反映的就是乡村教育的困境。马云等社会名流也纷纷为乡村教师代言。可乡村教师的真实状况如何?按东北师范大学农村教育研究所发布的《中国农村教育发展报告2013-2014》显示,农村教师队伍中有51.2%的人被初次分配到乡村学校,但在二次分配中,其中56.9%的教师又调进了县城,有36.7%的农村教师“想要离开”现在的岗位。

造成乡村教师紧缺的原因很多。比如,教育资源缺乏,乡村小学分散,一个老师就得管一个小学,全部科目都得一个人承担,任务非常重。此外,收入低且得不到保障,尤其是民办乡村教师待遇得不到保障是另一重要因素。

众所周知,中国乡村教育还不是中央财政转移支付。但既然“新农合”可以实施,一定程度上解决了乡村看病难的问题,为什么不可以在保障乡村教师待遇上也实施中央财政转移支付呢?

已对中国农村进了30多年研究的斯坦福大学国际研究所教授罗斯高在2017年发表了一项研究数据:中国贫困农村的孩子中,有63%没上过高中,其中有许多人存在严重的认识能力滞后问题。罗斯高提出,“应倡导妈妈们回到农村”,“政府每年应投入至少80亿做贫村儿童的早期干预”。虽然教育部官员后来纠正说罗斯高的数据滞后了,2016年全国高中阶段毛入学率就已达87.5%,但罗斯高的研究还是在中国公共领域掀起了一场关于城乡儿童发展不平等的争论。

资源不平等,是中国教育领域的最大问题。解决这个问题,日本经验或可借鉴。日本全国学校设备都是统一配置,全国师资统一轮岗,以保障边远乡村的教学条件不低于东京这样的大城市。中国也只有通过财政支付体制改革和教师轮岗制度,才能让每一个中国孩子都享受到相对公平均的教育机会。这应成为教育改革的主要努力方向。

类似转山包小学的学校在中国又何止一所,“冰花男孩”的背后,是中国广大贫困乡村的教育难题。这些难题不是简单的社会救助所能解决的,却关系到国家下一代的成长,更关系到国家未来的竞争力。

(《中国新闻周刊》2018年第4期)

声明:刊用《中国新闻周刊》稿件务经书面授权

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