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一把漏勺揭开吸毒少女死亡之谜

2017-11-22 13:10:13   中国青年网

□法医讲述(二)

法医讲述(一):是扶人还是撞人 谁在说谎

法制网记者 余东明

法制网实习生 张若琂

监管改造机构最怕的就是关押人员的非正常死亡。2009年9月,19岁的吸毒少女小云(化名)死在了一所女子戒毒所内,几天后,一篇“貌美少女在戒毒所遭强奸殴打致死”的帖子在网上迅速传播……

张建华,41岁,现任司法部司法鉴定所病理研究室副主任,是一名有着17年从业经验的老法医。

记者见到他时,他刚出差回来——因为经验丰富,声名远扬,很多来自全国各地的疑难案件病理鉴定最后总会找到他这里。

张建华告诉记者,司鉴所法医病理学鉴定人最大的工作特点一是出差多,自己每年有三分之一的时间出差在外;二是“细节控”的办案习惯,接到案子后他们总会不厌其烦地去思考和准备各种突如其来的细节问题。

如“吸毒少女戒毒所内非正常死亡案”,接到案子后,张建华做的第一件事就是到市场上买了最精细的漏勺,那种寻常百姓家拿来过滤豆浆用的漏勺。

尸体解剖为何要用漏勺?记者有些意外。

“当时这个案子已经形成了非常严峻的社会舆情,不论是所在戒毒所和相关主管部门的领导,还是死者家属,都迫切需要寻找真相。我们的工作只许成功不许失败,所以准备工作尤其充分。”张建华说。

据悉,小云死亡后,办案机关检测到其血清的HCG(用以判断是否怀孕的指标)指数较高,也就是说小云怀孕了。然后再结合相关依据,办案人员初步推断,小云的死因是宫外孕引起的输卵管破裂,导致大出血引起的。

然而,这一初步结论使得家属更为激动:小云身处戒毒所根本接触不到男性,是谁令这位貌美少女怀孕的呢?一时间,家属把矛头指向了这戒毒所里仅有的两三名男性民警,并以此索赔109万元,舆情也几近失控。

“按照HCG的数值标准,小云的孕期约为5周,而她入所时间为47天,按此推断,男警察难逃嫌疑。所以当地政法机关非常着急,想尽快查明真相。”张建华说。

然而,当时很多鉴定机构都不愿意接这个案子。因为输卵管破裂时压力大,胚胎很可能被冲掉了,找不到胚胎,就无法准确鉴定孕期长短。另外,社会舆论压力这么大,一旦处理不当,矛盾极有可能转移到司法鉴定部门。

张建华也深知此案的严峻性,但还是和另外两位同事组成了鉴定小组接下了案件。

尽管小云的死因已有初步推断,但张建华他们需要的是准确的结论,他们采用了全面解剖排除法。

腹腔、胸腔、颅腔……尸体解剖不放过任何一个环节,在排除了外伤、中毒、吸毒、疾病等在内的其他所有原因后,才把焦点锁定在宫外孕上。

“‘漏勺’就是这个环节上用的。”张建华说,“当时我们判断胚胎很可能被冲到了腹腔里,腹腔里有四五千毫升的血水啊,所以买漏勺是为了捞胚胎。”

孕期5周的胚胎仅有黄豆粒大小,万一被冲到身体其他部位,要寻找就好比大海捞针。病理法医们的“细节控”果然名不虚传。

幸运的是,胚胎被找到了,真相近在咫尺。

“在这期间,我们还查阅、对比了国内外很多文献,发现宫内孕和宫外孕的HCG水平是有很大差别的,在宫外孕的情况下用HCG水平来推断胎龄并不准确,也缺乏理论支持。为准确地判断胎龄,固定受孕时间,这个希望就寄托在这个小小的胚胎上。”张建华说。

根据胚胎的体积大小以及其他特征,法医最终准确判断出了胚胎的实际胎龄应为7周以上,受孕时间应在入所之前。至此,吸毒女的死因被查清,几名男警察的冤情也被洗清。

那么,入所前令吸毒女怀孕的男子又是谁呢?

“这需要DNA鉴定。”张建华说,“很多法医在取出胚胎后往往会将它放入福尔马林中。殊不知福尔马林虽有防腐功效,却也会破坏掉组织自身的一些物质,影响DNA检测。”

好在张建华他们在取出胚胎后留了一手,用冰冻保存的方法对胚胎进行了处理,没有破坏胚胎的完好性,顺利提取到了胚胎上的DNA。

公安机关在法医的建议下,对死者生前所有接触过的男性朋友均采集了血样,开始了DNA的比对调查,最终锁定了一名男子。

一波三折,案中有案。在张建华的职业生涯中,这种通过大海捞针破解迷雾、还原真相的案子真不在少数。

采访快结束时,张建华给记者讲述了另外一个类似的案件——山东“针刺死”案。该案和“吸毒少女死亡案”时间相近,当时山东某看守所的在押人员于某死了,身上没有伤口,也不像病死。不少媒体为此发声,认为于某是在看守所被打死的。

寻找死因可谓大海捞针,但张建华最终在死者体表的心脏位置找到了一个非常小的针眼,并沿着针眼,在死者心尖处找到了一个小破洞,伤口很深,直达心脏。

张建华的发现给侦破此案找到了方向。办案人员查明,于某趁平时做针线活时私藏了针,随后用针刺心脏的方式自杀身亡。

“每个案件背后都有那么多期待真相的眼睛盯着,我们不能有丝毫马虎,唯有谨慎再谨慎、仔细再仔细,这不仅仅是对死者的尊重,更是对法律公平正义的担当。”

过两天,张建华或许又得出差了……

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