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医院用吗啡给患者镇痛却被诉 党报:请呵护医生善意

2017-09-22 07:38:10   中国青年网

如果缺乏一个宽容的社会环境,医生裹足不前,处处自我防护,不敢为患者冒任何风险,最终受伤害的还是患者

一名胃癌术后患者住进北京某医院肿瘤科,医院给予镇痛、平喘等姑息治疗,其中包括注射吗啡,但患者终因呼吸衰竭死亡。时隔半年,患者家属以医生“过量使用吗啡”为由,将医院告上法庭,索要赔偿。最近,法院驳回原告全部诉讼请求,宣判医院胜诉。

在本案中,患者死亡是由病情危重所致,而非过量使用吗啡,这是基本事实。世界卫生组织提出,每一个走到生命尽头的人都有权利获得高质量的临终关怀,吗啡等阿片类药物被列为癌症止痛和安宁疗护的首选或必备药物。当一位生命迅速衰竭的患者承受着常人难以想象的痛苦,医生岂能袖手旁观?给予姑息治疗,尽力减轻痛苦,体现的是医学的人文关怀。一纸公正的判决,对维护生命的尊严有深远影响。

在全球死亡质量排行榜上,我国排名较落后。我国人口数量约占全球人口的20%,而吗啡使用量却不足全球的5%。这意味着,很多临终患者本该使用吗啡,却没有获得足够的药物,只能在痛苦中离开人世。原因何在?一是社会观念滞后。很多人认为,对晚期肿瘤患者要“不惜一切代价抢救”。在临床上,重治疗、轻止痛,重生命长度、轻生存质量,已经成为一个普遍现象。二是法律支持不足。很多医生由于害怕惹官司,不得不采取过度自我保护措施,即便患者临终前非常痛苦,也不敢使用吗啡等“敏感药物”,因为一旦发生法律纠纷,很容易被司法鉴定机构认定为“使用吗啡不慎重”,承担法律责任。以上两个因素叠加,导致我国姑息治疗发展缓慢,临终患者生存质量较差。

在美国电影《血战钢锯岭》中,战地医生遇见严重受伤的患者,总是问一句:“这是吗啡,需要一支吗?”当得到肯定的回答后,医生就会将吗啡注入伤员体内。世界卫生组织倡议,将死亡视为一个自然的过程,既不刻意加速死亡,也不延缓死亡的到来。作为肿瘤科医生,他们常常面对的是“死又死不了,活又活不好”的患者。当治愈疾病已经成为不可能时,医生是徒劳地对抗死亡,还是将缓解痛苦作为治疗原则?这是一个医学问题,更是一个社会问题。诺贝尔和平奖获得者史怀哲曾说过:“使患者在死前享有片刻的安宁将是医生神圣而崭新的使命。”时代在进步,观念在更新。让晚期癌症患者安宁而有尊严地离开人世,应逐渐成为全社会的共识。

事实上,治愈从来都不是医学的唯一目的。当疾病无法治愈时,帮助和安慰患者是医生更重要的职责。对于晚期肿瘤患者来说,死亡是不可逆的结果。医生采取姑息治疗措施,使其尽可能舒适地走向死亡,不仅符合患者的最大利益,而且符合伦理学准则。在临床上,很多医学干预措施既存在明确的有效性,也存在不可避免的有害性。当医生面临“双重效应”时,其做法只要符合患者利益最大化,就可得到伦理学辩护,这是全球通行的原则。

医学是人性善良的表达。面对医学的不确定性,医生拥有很大的“自由裁量权”。是非善恶,存乎一心,医生也被称为“良心职业”。有时,一个冒险的治疗方案,虽然不符合治疗指南,却能奇迹般挽救患者的生命;有时,一种药品的灵活使用,虽然超越说明书范围,但足以让患者的生命更有质量。医学是一门探索性学科,不能刻舟求剑,更不能盲目迷信权威,否则就无法进步。医生只要怀着一颗大爱之心,把患者利益放在首位,即便出现意外结果,社会也应给予理解和支持。如果缺乏一个宽容的社会环境,医生裹足不前,处处自我防护,不敢为患者冒任何风险,最终受伤害的还是患者。

生老病死是自然规律。当你即将走到人生终点,如果希望得到有尊严的照护,就请呵护医生的善意吧!

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