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直击东太平洋科考:结核富含稀缺资源 开采需时日

2017-09-21 10:22:26   中国经济网

多金属结核,五千米深海我追寻着你

直击东太平洋科考

本报记者 刘 垠

多金属结核散落在搪瓷盘中 本报记者 刘垠摄

“左边松一点”“右边再拉一下”“绞车,停”……在科考队员娴熟的配合下,笨重的箱式取样器妥妥地落在“向阳红03”船甲板上。

打开取样器,抽掉上覆水,国家海洋局第二海洋研究所副研究员杨克红一手拿温度计测量沉积物温度,一手举起相机拍照记录。冲洗掉多金属结核上的泥巴后,大小不一的黑、褐色“石块”散落在搪瓷盘中,这就是潜藏于五千米海底的多金属结核。

连日来,中国大洋四十五航次在东太平洋多金属结核区夜以继日地开展科考调查。有人可能会问,为什么我们不远万里纵横太平洋摸底多金属结核?多金属结核究竟是一种什么矿产?它的前世今生又是怎样?就此,科技日报随船记者采访了科考专家。

结核富含稀缺金属资源

多金属结核又称锰结核,富含锰、铁、镍、铜、钴等多种金属,粒径一般在几厘米至十几厘米之间,大些的多金属结核形如“土豆”,还有些连体的“石块”如同“生姜”。

“多金属结核位于海底沉积物之上,往往处于半埋藏状态。结核存在于不同深度的海底,但4000—6000米深度赋存量最丰富。”大洋四十五航次第二航段首席科学家马维林告诉科技日报记者,即使在同一区域,结核丰度的差异性也较大。有的地方鳞次栉比,有的地方则分布较少。但一般认为,平均丰度(每平方米的多金属结核重量)在5公斤以上,平均品位(结核中铜、钴和镍三种元素的百分含量之和)高于1.8%,具有一定的规模,可供进行独立开采的矿体才具有经济价值。

要探明沉睡海底的结核资源,科学家们几十年来可没少花心思。借助海底摄像、照相等光学手段,能直观清晰地看到这些海底宝藏的空间分布;利用箱式取样等调查方法,可以大致评估结核在海底的富集程度。

“国外大规模调查作业始于上世纪六七十年代,比较早介入的有美、德、法、日等国家。1982年12月10日,《联合国海洋法公约》在激烈的博弈当中通过;1983年,我国开始在太平洋国际海底区域对多金属结核进行系统调查。”马维林说,1991年3月5日,第九届联合国海底管理局筹委会批准了中国大洋协会的15万平方公里结核矿区(开辟区)申请。2001年,国际海底管理局和中国大洋协会正式签订《多金属结核勘探合同》,明确了大洋协会对7.5万平方公里合同区内多金属结核资源的专属勘探权和商业优先开发权,这是我国在国际海底区域获得的首个多金属结核勘探合同区。

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