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15部委将推车用乙醇汽油 三年内汽车改"喝酒精"

2017-09-13 14:15:12   

新世纪以来,能源安全和环境问题日益成为制约可持续发展的焦点问题,生物燃料乙醇因为它的可再生、环境友好、技术成熟、使用方便、易于推广等综合优势,成为替代化石燃料的理想汽油组分,在很多国家得到推广,生产消费规模也在全球范围内快速增长,从2005年的3628万吨,增加到2016年的7915万吨。

据不完全统计,已经有超过40个国家和地区推广生物燃料乙醇和车用乙醇汽油,年消费乙醇汽油约6亿吨,占世界汽油总消费的60%左右。其中,美国作为世界上最大的燃料乙醇生产消费国,去年一年就用掉了4000多万吨。我国排名第三,但目前年消费量只有近260万吨,发展相对滞后。

对于一个石油消耗大国来说,乙醇汽油的使用可以替代部分石油,对于能源安全非常重要。

中国石油化工集团科技部原主任教授级高工乔映宾:4000多万吨(一年)美国的燃料乙醇(使用量)在提高他的能源自给率里占了8个百分点。我们国家大力发展的话也会对我们的这个能源自给率大大提高。2016年我们国家进口了3.81亿吨的石油,石油对外的依存度是65.4%。

更重要的是,国际经验表明,发展生物燃料乙醇可以为大宗农产品建立长期、稳定、可控的加工转化渠道,提高国家对粮食市场的调控能力。

乐有华:就是国家战略需要的时候,就是加快地把这些超期超标的粮食进行转化,如果供求紧张的时候,主要是用木薯这些淀粉质的原料来生产燃料乙醇,形成一个良好的调控手段。

同时,生物燃料乙醇产业也是处置超期超标等粮食的有效途径。而我国目前恰恰处在一个玉米大量过剩的状态。

乔映宾:两会期间我得到的(消息),两会上的报道,我们国家东北三省和内蒙古,玉米的库存超储了。储存了多少?2.3亿吨玉米。这些玉米如果再放一年、两年、三年,三年以后这玉米就不好吃了。

除了超期超标的粮食支撑燃料乙醇生产,据有关权威机构测算,国内每年还有可利用的秸秆和林业废弃物超过4亿吨,其中的30%就可以生产生物燃料乙醇2000万吨。业内人士普遍认为,担心燃料乙醇推高粮价的“小伙伴们”可以放心地洗洗睡了。

当然,就算燃料乙醇各种好,值得全面推广,但是,对于挣工资加油的广大车主们来说,更环保的汽油是不是也有着更让老百姓心跳加速的高价格?普通老百姓的用车成本到底会不会因此上升?

我国生物燃料乙醇产业自2001年就开始发展了。截至目前,全国已经有11个省区试点推广乙醇汽油,乙醇汽油消费量占到同期全国汽油消费总量的1/5。根据辽宁省发改委相关负责人的介绍,试点地区乙醇汽油与传统汽油同价。

当然,也曾有车主反映,感觉使用了乙醇汽油车的油耗似乎更高了。对此,多位接受采访的专家都明确表示,并不存在这种差别。

中石化石科院教授级高工张永光:就是热值,加E10(乙醇汽油)的话比普通汽油理论上(热值)是差3.8%。但是你不能说就完全损失了3.8,因为它的辛烷值就比我们的烯烃、芳烃高基本上十几个辛烷值单位,弥补了大概我们认为1%-2%油耗的损失,它可以更好地适用于高压缩比(发动机)汽车性能的发挥。第二点就是本身它含氧,促进了它(汽油)的燃烧,一些未完全燃烧的碳氢化合物已经得到比较好的燃烧,从这个角度上可能又弥补了1%-2%。

根据业内人士介绍,美国权威研究机构曾做过16辆实车样本的测试,结果表明E10,也就是添加10%燃料乙醇的乙醇汽油与普通汽油在油耗上的差距可以忽略不计。

清华大学环境学院教授吴烨:10%的乙醇放进去,为了满足我们最新的国Ⅴ国Ⅵ汽油的标准,它那个汽油(组分油)是要进行一些调整的。我们过去这两年时间里面已经做了将近10辆车,大概做了上百组试验。目前来看几种普通的车型,在国Ⅲ国Ⅳ国Ⅴ的车里面都没有发现,它的能耗(因为)用了乙醇汽油而上升了。

责任编辑:周晶晶 CN032
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