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3D打印出来的汽车你敢坐吗?

2017-08-28 08:05:51   中国经济网

罗杰斯是Local Motors汽车公司的CEO,近年来,他不遗余力地带领研发团队在3D领域耕耘,今年7月,他们终于成功研发出了全球第一辆名叫Strati的3D打印双人电动车。

“这款电动车由40个零部件组成,用的打印材料是增强型塑料碳纤维,坚固且相对便宜。整车最高速度为80公里/时,搭载6.1千瓦时电池,能跑大约100公里。”罗杰斯兴奋地介绍说,“我们只用了44个小时就打造出了Strati这台电动车!”在这44个小时里,总共完成了四个动作:首先是把数字文件放进打印机打印出汽车的大致形状;其次是用修边机铣削切割出你想要的确切的模型;接着再装上发动机、轮子等非3D打印的零部件;最后就可以把车开走了。

虽然罗杰斯为他们用44个小时就打印出Strati这台电动车感到很骄傲,但实际上,Strati身上的电池、电机、轮胎、座椅、玻璃……依旧由传统制造方法获得,这些也是目前3D打印技术在汽车领域应用的“致命伤”。

一方面,金属、树脂、塑料等是如今3D打印材料的主流,材料受限直接影响的是3D打印的领域和规模。像汽车的发动机、变速器等很多零部件都对强度有着极高的要求,3D打印不怕这些零部件造型奇特,只怕不能很好地保障耐用度。

另一方面,3D打印是一种“增材制造技术”,打印出的成品以层叠方式拼接在一起,美不美观另说,大部分成品垂直方向的受拉和耐压强度会相对弱些。这也是为什么许多车企只将3D打印用在原型制造上的原因,成品精度和质量提升不了,就只能一直做原型,无法变为量产产品。

这些技术劣势折射出一个现状,即在汽车身上——在未来一段时期,3D打印技术还不能完全代替大规模、大批量的传统加工制造业。不过市场研究公司Allied Market Research近日发布的一份汽车行业3D打印市场报告预测,到2022年,全球汽车行业3D打印市场将达到23.91亿美元。换句话说,在未来五年内,越来越多的车企会采用或加强3D打印技术的应用。

传统流程设计这样一辆汽车模型,要经过制图纸、拟3D模型、加工油泥模型的过程。在第三步,设计师要像粉刷匠一样,先把由滑石粉、凡士林、工业用蜡混合而成的油泥涂到汽车骨架上,再变身雕塑家,刮除冗余,塑造出汽车最终的外形。而3D打印技术没有第三步,设计师直接把拟好的3D模型数据输入3D打印机,就能较为快速地打印出汽车模型。

总体而言,这种以数字模型文件为基础,先用计算机设计好三维数据,再将数据导入3D打印设备,最后设备用粉末状金属或塑料等可黏合材料把汽车用3D打印出来的操作,代表着未来的潮流。

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