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国际能源格局变化影响几何?

2017-08-16 07:02:42   中国经济网

今年以来,受供求关系相互作用,国际油价稳中趋降。欧佩克一揽子原油价格从1月份的每桶52.4美元下滑12%至7月份的46.2美元,相对于5年前的109.5美元油价峰值降了一大半,回归至12年前的水平。当前,全球能源市场正处于转型期,需求模式和供应结构正在改变,能源贸易重心转移,“天然气人民币”呼之欲出,国际能源格局面临再平衡。

其一是“供给西进”和“需求东移”的全球能源新版图开始浮出水面。受世界经济复苏缓慢影响,全球石油需求增长疲弱。据国际能源署预测,今年全球石油需求为9760万桶/日,比去年增加130万桶/日,需求增量主要来自中国、印度、美国和中东,分别为35万桶/日、35万桶/日、30万桶/日和10万桶/日,而欧洲、日本、拉美等地石油需求则出现下滑。全球石油需求重心加速东移,新兴经济体在全球能源市场正在扮演越来越重要的角色。其原因主要有二:一是亚洲国家的基础设施建设推进及宏观经济改善,石油需求保持增长;二是发达国家已逐步走出依靠增加能源消耗换取各项发展的阶段,对能源的新增需求在很大程度上被能源使用效率的提升所覆盖,能源消费增势已显著趋缓。

从供给端看,随着技术进步,开采成本的显著降低,页岩油气、油砂、重油等非常规油气资源大量投放市场,以美国、加拿大为代表的美洲产地不断发力,能源供给市场正在向西推进。美国页岩油已进入一个新的产量增长阶段,其成本已从80美元/桶左右下降至50美元/桶左右,在优质区块,成本甚至低于30美元/桶。美国能源信息署预计,美国的原油日产量有望在明年达到1000万桶,打破该国1970年创下的纪录。业内专家估计,美国很有可能在2020年以后成为石油净出口国,实现真正意义上的“能源独立”。

其二是“欧佩克盛宴”与“页岩油幽灵”间的博弈升级。在当前需求相对稳定、短期难以根本改变的情况下,供给成为国际油价的决定性力量。欧佩克国家与俄罗斯等国为应对国际低油价危机,共同达成限产协议,企图刺激国际油价的回升。但美国页岩油产业的复苏使该协议效果大打折扣。

就石油资源禀赋而言,美国“页岩油幽灵”与“欧佩克盛宴”间的博弈是不对等的竞争。

美国的竞争力不是自然资源,拼的是技术创新和低融资成本,而以沙特为代表的欧佩克国家的优势在于其得天独厚的石油资源禀赋。当然,欧佩克存在短板,其限产协议往往执行不到位。历史经验表明,欧佩克减产履约率为六成,一些成员国并不遵守配额。而且还有例外情况,如利比亚和尼日利亚不在此次限产之列,两国的增产打算就抵掉了一半的减产幅度。而美元的升值将助长欧佩克的减产违约。美元币值过去两年时间升值超过20%,处于近10年来的高点。美联储加息使美元更加强势,以美元计价的原油对许多国家而言变得昂贵,让一些欧佩克国家有更强烈的动机去违背减产承诺。

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