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九寨沟地震 红外生命探测仪与死神争分夺秒

2017-08-14 10:10:43   中国青年网

2010年4月17日,青海玉树地震现场,救援人员正在使用生命探测仪。视觉中国供图(资料图片)

8月8日21时19分46秒在四川阿坝藏族羌族自治州九寨沟县发生的7.0级地震,牵动着亿万人的心。不仅因为那里美若天堂,让人担心当地居民和游客的安危,也是因为人们很容易就想到汶川大地震,以及当时的惨烈。这些天,大批救援力量在灾区奋力救人。

其实,自地球诞生之日起,地壳在持续缓慢运动,蓄积了巨大的能量,正如使用足够大的力量撕扯纸张或者弯折玻璃时它们会碎裂一样,当超过承受限度时,地壳蕴含的能量便会喷薄而出,能量快速释放会带来剧烈震动,这种自然现象便是地震。地震发生之时,天塌地陷、山峦崩摧、房倒屋斜。目前,还没有完全行之有效的手段可以预测地震的发生,因此,震后救援就显得尤为重要。

对于救援来说,发现生命与救出生命是最大的目标。科学、技术在救援中展现出其不俗的实力——各类生命探测仪一俟发明,便与救援犬并驾齐驱、戮力合作,发挥了巨大作用。红外、音频、视频、雷达、静电场、光学、气敏等一系列生命探测仪都较为常见。它们各有所长,适用于不同的救援条件。实际救援中往往几种仪器协同作战——先是红外探测仪确定幸存者的大致方位,之后雷达探测仪精准定位,最后利用光学探测仪观察幸存者周围环境以确定救援方案。其中,红外探测仪历史较为悠久,是最常用的生命探测仪之一。

红外生命探测仪依靠人体与环境红外辐射的区别来辨别幸存者,因此可用于黑暗、充满烟雾等人们目力难及的救援场所。所有处于绝对零度之上的物体,都会产生红外辐射,人体自然也是天然的红外辐射源。有别于环境中其他物体,人作为一种恒温动物,所发射出的红外线波段为一个特殊的恒定范围,找到了这个范围内的红外线,便有极大的可能找到幸存者,这也正是红外探测仪搜寻救援的关键点。红外生命探测仪的核心部件是红外检测器。由于工作原理迥然相异,它们又分为两大类——利用温度差的热电检测器与依赖红外线波长差异的光电检测器。热电检测器常用于测量温度,而用于生命探测的往往是能够针对性识别特殊波段的红外光电检测器。

光电检测器是将光信号转化为电信号的电子元件,较为常见的有两类,一类是光电二极管,一类是光电阻。

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