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白鹤滩水电站引领水电开发跨进“双百”时代

2017-08-04 07:08:42   中国经济网

从三峡电站单机容量70万千瓦到向家坝电站单机容量81.2万千瓦,再到白鹤滩单机容量100万千瓦超大型水轮发电机组,需要高精尖的技术作支撑。“这足以证明中国不仅在建坝规模上领先世界,我们的技术制造也已进入引领的阶段。”贾金生坦言。

清洁能源走廊初现雏形

作为我国水电史上里程碑式的工程,白鹤滩水电站不仅将中国的高拱坝技术推到了世界最前沿,而且将对中国西部乃至全国的能源结构、生态环境、民生就业及经济发展产生积极影响。

从经济效益来看,我国水电“富矿”就在金沙江这段流域上,4座水电站(溪洛渡、向家坝、乌东德、白鹤滩)全部建成后,加上三峡,其发电装机将达到7万兆瓦,占我国水电装机接近20%,在金沙江流域上形成一道巨大的清洁能源走廊。从发电量来看,这4座电站年发电量可达到2000亿千瓦时,效益可观。

作为清洁能源的水电对我国能源结构调整具有积极影响。根据《金沙江白鹤滩水电站可行性研究报告》分析,白鹤滩水电站建成后,年平均发电量将达到624.43亿千瓦时,每年可节约原煤约2800万吨,每年可减少排放二氧化碳5083万吨、二氧化硫约50万吨、氮氧化物约43万吨,减少烟尘排放量21万吨,环境效益显著。同时,白鹤滩水电站水库防洪库容巨大。“通过长江中上游水库群的联合调度,可在很大程度上提高长江中下游的防洪能力。”中国工程院院士郑守仁表示。

应加大力度发展水电

当前,中国温室气体排放总量居世界首位,煤炭消费量超过全球半数,化石能源使用过多已成为严重雾霾的重要原因,水电和其他非化石能源发展变得愈发迫切。国务院印发的《“十三五”控制温室气体排放工作方案》明确,到2020年,力争常规水电装机达到3.4亿千瓦。

目前,水电作为优质的可再生能源,还未充分发挥其重要作用。虽然按装机量和工程数量、大小来看,我国已经成为当之无愧的世界水电第一大国,但是我国水电开发程度和发达国家相比仍有较大差距,还有较广阔的发展前景。数据显示,发达国家水能资源开发程度总体较高,如瑞士达到92%,法国为88%,意大利为86%,而我国水电开发程度仅为37%(按发电量计算)。

根据最新统计,我国水能资源可开发装机容量约6.6亿千瓦,年发电量约3万亿千瓦时,按利用100年计算,相当于1000亿吨标煤,在常规能源资源剩余可开采总量中仅次于煤炭。

“随着人口增长、城市化、经济社会发展,能源需求也在大量增加。只有增加储水能力,才能保障防洪、供水、发电、航运,这就必须要修建水库大坝。”贾金生表示,水电是目前投资回报率最高、最适应市场化的能源开发模式,应当加大力度发展水电。

经过多年发展,我国水电装机容量和年发电量已突破3亿千瓦和1万亿千瓦时,水电工程技术居世界先进水平,形成了规划、设计、施工、装备制造、运行维护等全产业链整合能力。

不过,“弃水”问题正成为我国水电发展面前的“拦路虎”。专家建议,下一步,要做好电网与电源发展合理衔接,完善水电市场消纳协调机制,按照全国电力统一优化配置原则,落实西南水电消纳,着力解决水电弃水问题。(经济日报·中国经济网记者 王轶辰)

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