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臭氧污染来了,我们应该怎么办?

2017-05-19 20:06:13   新华社

原标题:污染天又来?这次带你认识低调的臭氧污染

新华社北京5月19日电题:污染天又来?这次带你认识低调的臭氧污染

新华社记者高敬、张华迎

这几天华北地区遭遇的高温天气,还给人们带来了一个“副产品”臭氧污染。

中国环境监测总站的数据显示,19日15时,北京市空气质量指数AQI为139,空气质量轻度污染,首要污染物为臭氧。同一时间的数据显示,东北地区的吉林省长春市、长三角的浙江省杭州市、地处西南的四川省成都市等多个地方,均出现臭氧污染。根据预测,未来几天,京津冀、长三角等地区的臭氧污染还会持续。

好不容易告别了秋冬季节的PM2.5,又来了个臭氧污染。这略显低调的臭氧污染究竟是怎么回事?

臭氧是一种蓝色、有刺激性的气体,跟大家熟知的氧气是“亲兄弟”。众所周知,太阳辐射的紫外线对生物有很强的杀伤力。幸运的是,距地球表面25至50公里处有一层臭氧层。尽管臭氧层在地球表面并不太厚,但它却能大量吸收太阳辐射出的紫外线,使地球上的生物免遭紫外线的伤害。因此,臭氧层也被誉为是地球的“保护伞”。

专家指出,与高空中的臭氧层不同,由于臭氧具有的强氧化性,近地面的臭氧则是一种有害气体,甚至会成为“健康杀手”。较低浓度的臭氧具有很好的杀菌效果,已经广泛应用在很多领域。但如果空气中的臭氧浓度过高,很容易引起上呼吸道的炎症病变,出现咳嗽、头疼等症状,还会对皮肤、眼睛、鼻黏膜产生刺激。

臭氧污染是从哪来的?环保部副部长赵英民告诉记者,臭氧污染不是污染源直接排放产生的,而是排放到空气中的氮氧化物、挥发性有机物(VOCs),在空气中进行复杂的光化学反应产生的。

“近期华北地区的高温天气为臭氧的生成提供了更便利的条件。”天津市环境监测中心主任邓小文说,大气中的氮氧化物主要来自机动车、发电厂、燃煤锅炉和水泥炉窑等;挥发性有机物主要来自机动车、石化工业排放和有机溶剂的挥发等。

其实,臭氧污染并不是最近才出现的新问题。北京市一年约五六十天臭氧超标,主要集中在夏季。南方地区臭氧超标也主要集中在夏秋季节。

中科院大气所的有关专家介绍,与秋冬季节大气污染以细颗粒物为主不同,夏季空气污染的元凶多为臭氧。臭氧污染是各地治理PM2.5过程中会伴随产生的,两者是“按下葫芦浮起瓢”的关系。因为随着PM2.5浓度降低,空间透明性好了,辐射强、紫外线强,是生成臭氧的条件。

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