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一、乌木是什么
乌木,现在市场上有两种主要说法,一种是红木国标中规定的乌木,另一种是指阴沉木。国标中的乌木与阴沉木之间没有丝毫的联系。我们接下来介绍的是阴沉木。
阴沉木为什么会被称为乌木?这得从阴沉木的来历来说,阴沉木是由地震、洪水、泥石流等地层变动,将地上植物生物等全部埋入古河床等低洼处,而埋入淤泥中的树木,在缺氧、高压状态及细菌等微生物的作用下,经过长达长千上万年炭化过程形成的碳化木,又被称为炭化木。由于阴沉木是常年沉泡于水的缘故,通常浑身漆黑的,所以在四川民间普遍被称为乌木。这里所说的乌木,不论树种是什么,只要条件符合,经过炭化的,都可以称为乌木。所以,该阴沉木的乌木不是一种木材,范围广,只要形成的条件符合就行。形成阴沉木的原木种类很多,其中常见的有青杠、麻柳、香樟、红椿、楠木五种。
二、乌木的种类
乌木的种类繁多,有:麻柳树、青冈树、香樟树、楠木(金丝楠木、小叶楠木)红椿木、红豆彬、马桑、黄柳木、黄柏、槐木、檀木等。一般带有香味和杀菌特征的树种才能形成乌木。
三、乌木的特征
阴沉木“乌木”属于炭化木,树身多为全身乌黑,一般年限越久其炭化程度越高。阴沉木的外观类似被烧烤过的焦炭,那种黑色,奇谲而神妙。其色泽也千差万别,但都趋深且色差明显,有棕色、灰色、紫色、黑色的,也有外红内黑或是黑皮黄心的。由于阴沉木是在自然灾害(地震、山洪、泥石流)缺氧、高压状态下,细菌等微生物的作用,而且时间也长,改变原来木材的物理性能,原木材的内在脂肪、糖类等都被水溶解的干干净净了,清除了蛀虫、细菌的生存空间,被水底的泥沙腐蚀的丝丝缕缕的,具有肌理的美感,它们的形态各异。由于阴沉木的形成的特殊性,它具有不变形、分量重、密度高,不会被虫蛀。
四、乌木的用途
乌木的药用用途
《本草纲目》记载:阴沉木,气味:甘、咸、平、无毒。主治:有解毒,亦治霍乱吐利。取木片研为末,温酒冲服;还有祛风除湿之功效。
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