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“借来的繁荣”总是要还的 美国经济难以绕过“怪圈”

2018-07-17 07:41:03    中国经济网

近日,美国国会预算办公室指出,美国公共债务目前占GDP的78%,处于二战结束以来最高水平。国际货币基金组织(IMF)此前预测,2023年美国国债占GDP的比例将超过意大利,位列世界第三。对此,IMF敦促美国调整财政政策,确保国债占GDP之比在可预见的未来逐步下降。

然而,从美国当前的经济发展形态及经济政策取向来看,IMF的敦促可能落空:经粗略计算(包含通胀),2008年至今,美国国债增速是GDP增速的约4倍;自2017年9月以来,美国国债增长超过1万亿美元;仅今年2月,美国国债就增长了2150亿美元,相当于希腊2017年的GDP。

如此借债后果如何?目前看,美国经济虽然向好,但仍是“借来的繁荣”。低融资成本、高流动性以及近来改革《多德—弗兰克法案》以放松对部分金融机构的监管等,是支撑经济指标和股价的关键。这是美国政府推基建、大减税、猛发债等强刺激使然。但美国制造业采购经理人指数等先行指标一直是不升反降、连月递减,这表明强刺激对促进实体经济发展效果寥寥。

因此,美国金融市场以及经济繁荣之象系于国债泡沫托举起来的“流动性”。流动性长期过剩则经济过热甚至泡沫;流动性不足则经济复苏就可能终结。这是美国过去40年绕不过的“加息—衰退”怪圈。近来,美联储再次加息并打算加快加息频率。这可能再次引发“加息—衰退”怪圈。

纵观历史,美国这一怪圈的“炸弹”并不总是炸到自己,或者并不先使自己受伤。新兴市场和发展中国家往往是第一受害者。前段时间,阿根廷出现货币危机,土耳其里拉、南非兰特等也在贬值。鉴此,不少国家都在提前预防,以免再次遭美加息的池鱼之殃。据美国财政部数据,19个国家4月减持了美国国债。其动机,不外乎获得美元,以保本币稳定。这直接造成美10年期国债收益率罕见触及3%,一定程度上引发市场恐慌。国际市场上美元融资贵现象浮现,考验不少国家的抗风险能力。

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