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胚胎首次细胞分裂研究获“改变教科书”发现

2018-07-13 16:01:11    中国网

新华社华盛顿7月12日电 (记者周舟)长期以来,科学家认为在哺乳动物胚胎的首次细胞分裂过程中,只有一个纺锤体负责将胚胎染色体分配到两个细胞中。但欧洲研究人员利用小鼠开展的最新实验观察发现,这个过程中实际上有两个纺锤体,分别负责来自父亲和母亲的染色体。

欧洲分子生物学实验室研究人员12日在新一期美国《科学》杂志上说,最新发现意味着在胚胎首次细胞分裂过程中,父母的基因信息分别保存。研究人员强调,这是“改变教科书”的研究结果,有望解释哺乳动物早期发育阶段的头几次细胞分裂为何容易发生错误,甚至有可能改变一些国家对生命开始时间的定义。

研究负责人、欧洲分子生物学实验室的扬·艾伦贝格在一份声明中说,我们已知昆虫等简单生物拥有双纺锤体,但没想到小鼠这样的哺乳动物也是如此,这个发现“令人很惊讶”。

纺锤体是一种形似纺锤的特殊细胞器。在动物细胞的有丝分裂过程中,染色体通过着丝点在纺锤体中央排列。在最新实验中,研究人员利用艾伦贝格等人研发的光片照明显微镜技术,实时观察胚胎的早期发育,才首次观察到胚胎首次细胞分裂过程中存在两个纺锤体。

研究人员说,哺乳动物的胚胎在首次细胞分裂过程中常有错误出现,生成有多个核的异常细胞,导致胚胎发育终止。双纺锤体的发现为这一问题的发生提供了新的解释,有望用于寻找新的分子标靶。如果最终的研究结果对人类也适用,那么将有望为治疗不育症提供新思路。

研究人员认为,这项发现可能会改变一些国家对生命开始时间的定义。有些国家的法律规定,生命开始于受精后精子与卵子两者细胞核的融合。但如果双纺锤体的发现适用于人类,那么生命开始的时间可能要稍微向后推,至少在第一次细胞分裂之后。

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