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人脑为什么这么大?英国科学家:60%是生态因素

2018-05-28 19:01:03   光明网

人脑为什么这么大?60%是生态因素!

新模型有助厘清人类演化中重要争议

科技日报北京5月27日电 (记者张梦然)英国《自然》杂志近日发表了一项演化学研究:英国科学家开发的新预测模型认为,驱动人类形成如此大的大脑的主要因素是生态。而人脑为什么这么大,是生物进化学长久以来的一个争论不休的话题,该研究有助于人们进一步厘清该争议。

相比大部分动物,灵长类动物拥有很大的脑容量,而人类则拥有灵长类中最大的脑容量。譬如和近亲类人猿比较,人类的大脑体积就是其3倍。如果以大脑/身体的相对大小来计算,人类的相对脑容量可以是其它胎生哺乳动物的6倍。

人类为何演化形成了异常巨大的脑袋?几十年来,研究人员对此一直争论不休,各种理论层出不穷。有人提出“社会脑假说”,认为演化形成较大的大脑可以帮助我们管理日渐复杂的社会生活;也有人提出“高耗能组织假说”,认为食肉让大脑能够以肠道为代价进行演化。但是,这些理论都有一个根本问题:它们依赖于关联数据,因此无法揭示因果关系。

此次,英国圣安德鲁斯大学研究人员默里希奥·刚泽拉斯-弗雷罗和安迪·格德纳开发的新预测模型表明,人脑大小的演化响应了大量不同因素,其中60%是生态的,30%是合作相关的,10%是群体竞争相关的。而相对来说,个体之间的竞争并不那么重要。

在随附的新闻与观点文章中,德国马克斯·普朗克演化人类学研究所科学家理查德·迈克厄里斯认为,以上发现值得深思,因为它意味着社会复杂性更有可能是人类形成较大脑袋的结果而非原因,而且人类本性更有可能源自生态上的问题求解和累积文化演变,而非社会操纵。

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