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应对招工难 法国计划进行学徒制改革

2018-05-18 07:51:06   新华网

近日,法国总理爱德华·菲利普及法国劳工部长米丽埃尔·佩尼科向公众解读了今年早些时候拟定的法国职业培训改革讨论法案,以争取公众支持。该法案将在6月交由国会两院审议,拟于明年1月1日起实施。

居高不下的失业率和企业招工难的深层次矛盾已严重制约法国经济发展。2017年,法国失业率高达9.4%,2900万劳动人口中有350万处于失业状态。与此同时,大量企业却面临招工难的问题。根据法国全国统计及经济研究所今年1月公布的数据,法国有高达四成的公司在招聘员工时面临困难。法国智库“工业制造”的经济学家提博·比代—马耶尔一针见血地指出,这是因为法国无法培训出足够多的技术工人。究其根本原因,是法国的教育体系没有为学生提供业界所需的技能训练。在这样的背景下,法国政府将目光投向了学徒制改革。

学徒制是法国职业教育体系中的一种技术人才培养模式。其基本特征是企业培训与学校教育有机结合,即16岁—26岁的年轻人以半工半读的方式,在1至3年的学徒期内,一边在学徒培训中心学习理论知识,一边在企业或部门工作,并在学徒导师的指导下接受实践培训。政府则通过学徒培训税、拨款等各种形式对学徒教育进行补贴和扶持。学徒还可获企业或部门发放的津贴。根据不同的行业、学历和学徒年限,津贴一般为法国最低工资标准的25%—78%。

近年来,学徒制逐渐失去对企业和年轻人的吸引力。企业不愿招募年轻人,抱怨他们缺乏勤奋认真的工作态度;年轻人不愿面对学徒制庞大的工作量与压力,有经验的年轻人也不愿意屈就学徒的低薪。近几年来,法国每年培养50万名学徒的目标从未达成,去年更有高达近8万的缺口。

为了改变这一局面,法国拟从三方面发力对学徒制进行改革,希望重新吸引企业和年轻人。首先是增加培训福利,解决学徒顾虑。例如,提高学徒的薪资水平,并把原有的学徒年龄上限从26岁提高至30岁。其次是提高企业聘用学徒的灵活性,为企业减负。这包括给予公司延长学徒工作时间上限的一定自由,制定专门针对中小型企业的援助政策等。第三是重新划定职权,加强培训效果。每个学徒培训中心必须披露其毕业率与就业率,有关业界工资的资料亦会公布,让学徒可以更好地作出选择。教学和考试内容也将由行业部门牵头撰写,力图让技能培训更加符合劳动力市场需求。

学徒制改革的计划引起法国地区协会的反对,认为这将影响大区政府的税收和资金分配等,指责这一向企业主导方向倾斜的政策,将导致全法约7000家培训中心倒闭。尽管如此,佩尼科仍对学徒制改革充满信心。她指出,“此举能保护工人,解放企业,改变年轻人对学徒制的印象。政府要深化改革,扩大规模,使学徒制成为所有年轻人通往卓越和成功的途径。”(记者 葛文博)

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