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“马克思不会从美国走开”——访美国学者安德鲁·哈特曼和乔纳森·施佩贝尔

2018-02-24 18:36:02   人民网

“在大西洋彼岸进行的这一大规模战争关系着劳动者的命运。”马克思在给亚伯拉罕·林肯的一封信中如是说。19世纪60年代,马克思对美国南北战争的观察从来没有脱离对劳动阶层未来的思考。在随后的历史中,特别是20世纪30年代以来,马克思本人的著作一再成为美国思想界关注“劳动者命运”、对资本主义经济文化体系进行批判的重要源泉。及至21世纪,一场肇始于华尔街的国际金融危机更是让众多美国学者惊呼“马克思主义正重新苏醒”。

伊利诺伊州立大学历史系教授安德鲁·哈特曼长期研究马克思主义在美国思想史与社会运动中的影响。他正在撰写的《卡尔·马克思在美国》一书,将由芝加哥大学出版社出版。哈特曼表示,马克思比任何人都更为雄辩地指明,资本主义经济文化体系始终处于变动过程中。“就此刻看,马克思的这种见解比以往任何时候都更重要。目前资本全球运行所受到的限制比历史上任何时候都更小,这创造了巨大的财富和技术进步,但也造成了巨大的痛苦,马克思的辩证法有助于揭示这一点……我们需要用一种马克思主义的眼光来看问题,即正视社会现实,带着对新的社会条件的把握来重新组织社会。”

近年来,社会贫富分化问题在美国的关注度不断上升,美国政治表现出的保守化、逆全球化、孤立主义化趋势,背后也都有这一问题的影响。在哈特曼看来,在贫富差距问题上,马克思主义提供了其他思想流派难以替代的批判性洞见。他认为,马克思的著作指明了资本摆脱地理、文化、政治等各方面限制的种种方式,以及资本如何通过新的积累方式对传统体系和制度造成压力。“凡是从现代生活中感到疏离、无根、被变化抛弃、经济上处于挣扎状态的人,都会认识到马克思资本学说的深刻性。即使是处于财富分配顶端的群体,如果能够真诚地展开思考,也将能理解这一点。”

密苏里大学历史学教授乔纳森·施佩贝尔长期从事19世纪欧洲社会史研究,著有《卡尔·马克思:19世纪的人生》一书。在施佩贝尔看来,马克思主义在美国社会的影响力将长期持续,因为今天的美国已明显和上世纪90年代不同,当时冷战结束让自由市场主义在美国主导了公共辩论。他认为,马克思主义与当代世界的关联性,至少体现在以下三个方面:

第一,资本主义经济体系并不总是处于平衡状态,而是会反复出现功能失调,也就是马克思本人所说的“危机”,今天很多人则将它称为经济衰退;第二,特定的观点以及表达该观点的政治运动,同特定群体的经济利益和自我认识密切相关;第三,资本主义经济生产方式中看似自由和不受约束的交换行为,尤其是劳动与金钱交换,必然包含着或明显或隐匿的压制和支配关系。

“国际金融危机给世界留下了巨大的不平等,1%的人似乎已从这场危机中受益,而其他人则为此付出了代价。因此,马克思不会从美国走开。冷战结束近30年,越来越多的美国人已经摆脱冷战的思想桎梏,正以更富有创造性的方式阅读与思考马克思。”哈特曼表示,现在有更多学生主动来找他,就如何阅读马克思的著作寻求指导,还询问其他关于社会主义的经典著作。在他看来,一个缓慢而又真实的代际转变正在美国发生。

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