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日本经济苦乐参半

2017-12-22 11:01:21   中国经济网

对于日本首相安倍晋三来说,2017年无疑是充满“惊险”的一年。自年初就陷入森友学园及加计学园丑闻的安倍,在下半年也并不顺心:虽然安倍提前进行日本大选并成功连任,但自此之后安倍的支持率始终处于低迷。

与此同时,日本企业也陷入苦恼。10月份曝光的日本神户制钢造假事件还在持续发酵,牵连全球诸多产业,日本制造业声誉跌至谷底。不过,对于日本经济而言,2017年还是充满希望的,尤其是后半年以来,日本政府发布的经济数据一路向好,这也支撑了日本股市表现亮眼。

政策频出

年初曝光的森友学园及加计学园丑闻令安倍政府的支持率一路走低,而提前大选并胜选的安倍坚持修宪的举动则再次为他拉低了民众好感度。

据日本朝日新闻社12月19日发布的最新全国民调结果,安倍内阁支持率为41%,与上月相比降低3个百分点,不支持率为38%。其中,持“看起来比其他政党好些”这一观点的支持者约占47%,接近半数。该次民调还对安倍晋三第二次上台近5年的政绩进行评价,最后结果为5.2分(满分10分),而5分是及格分。

在政治上渐失民心的安倍力图在经济层面作出挽回。今年以来,在全球不断收紧货币政策的氛围下,安倍政府依然维持量宽政策,并且推出多项民生政策。

南开大学日本研究院客座研究员刘云指出,今年以来,安倍政府重点推动“安倍经济学第三支箭”落地,出台包括增加社会福利,促进女性就业,部分幼儿入托和大学教育无偿化的“育人革命”等政策。同时,安倍也在扩大“安倍经济学”的新着力点,特别是在人工智能、机器人技术、金融科技创新等领域。

而在美国税改后,安倍政府也开始着手下调企业税率了。12月初,日本政府通过了规模达2万亿日元的新一轮经济刺激方案,其中一项主要内容就是,对积极加薪、投资和创新的企业给予减税,相关政策将集中在2020年之前完成。

刘云指出,日本的税改方案与加薪政策挂钩。此前,安倍政府一直在推动企业尤其是大企业的加薪,但收效甚微。数据显示,2016年,日本企业的留存收益达406万亿日元,创历史新高。与此同时,人工费用支出的比例却降至近年最低的63%。

今年以来,日本大企业的账面收益呈激增态势。据《日本经济新闻》统计,截至2017年9月底,日本约3500家上市公司的留存收益总计达260万亿日元,约56%的企业留存收益创历史新高,比2016年末增加8万亿日元,比金融危机爆发前的2007年末增加86万亿日元。

刘云指出,日本此次税改明确提到将加薪、增加设备投资作为条件,就是为了解决企业留存收益过高与薪资没有增长的矛盾。

隐忧未消

日本政府12月19日发布的经济增长预期显示,其2017财年的增长预期从此前的1.5%上调至1.9%,2018财年增长预期从此前的1.4%被上调至1.8%。

另据日本内阁府日前发布的2017年三季度国内生产总值(GDP)修订值,剔除物价变动因素后实际增长率为环比增长0.6%,折合年增长率达2.5%,持续7个季度正增长,创下了自1994年二季度以来的最长增长纪录。

这些数据正显示出,在世界经济回暖的带动下,日本经济也呈现出复苏的势头。

不过,日本经济还面临着更多问题。刘云指出,一方面,社会老龄化导致日本劳动力严重不足,日本企业已经频频出现雇佣不到员工的情况。与美国、欧洲自身拥有的巨大消费市场不同的是,日本市场已经接近饱和,这使得日本企业更愿意将资金投入到海外市场。

另一方面,今年下半年,日本多家制造业巨头曝出造假丑闻,这令曾经风光无限的日本制造光环褪色,日本长期经营的质量和诚信的声誉正受到打击。

商务部研究院国际市场研究所副所长、研究员白明指出,日本经济建立在制造业的基础之上,且日本制造业在国际上宣传的“卖点”就是质量、诚信和产品的精细程度,频传的制造业丑闻确实会对日本制造业的形象产生影响。特别是此次神户制钢造假事件,神户制钢广泛应用于高铁、航天、汽车等重要领域,造假事件肯定会对日本制造业及其相关产业造成冲击。不过应该正视的是,这并不能改变日本制造业精细程度和研发水平远高于很多国家的现实。

此外,高负债也在困扰着日本经济增长。为刺激经济回升,日本政府近年来推出多项经济刺激计划。与此同时,老龄化问题持续加重社保负担,这些使日本政府财政支出不断增加,目前日本政府的税收仅够维持国家财政支出的三分之二,日本政府不得不每年新增举债维持运转。截至今年6月份,日本国家和地方债务总额达到1078万亿日元,相当于GDP的2倍,财政形势严峻。

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