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“闪婚”之后,北斗和GPS能结什么果?

2017-12-19 08:46:50   光明网

“闪婚”之后,北斗和GPS能结什么果

——专家解读中美导航系统合作

本报记者 付毅飞

12月上旬,中美双方签署《北斗与GPS信号兼容与互操作联合声明》(以下简称《声明》),两大卫星导航系统将实现民用信号互操作。

消息传出后,引起部分读者不解:兼容有何意义?是否意味着北斗将技术拱手相让,GPS不劳而获?中科院国家授时中心副主任卢晓春18日向科技日报记者解读了此次合作。卢晓春表示,该协议的签署具有历史意义,将为用户带来更优质、便捷的服务。

此次《声明》指出,北斗卫星导航系统与GPS全球卫星导航系统在国际电联框架下实现射频兼容,两系统民用信号B1C和L1C实现互操作,用户可以同时使用北斗和GPS民用信号,无需显著增加成本就可以享受到更好的服务。

卢晓春介绍,根据卫星导航系统的工作原理,接收机需要同时“看到”至少4颗导航卫星,才能实现定位。如果使用单一导航系统,可能在某一区域上空卫星数量有限,冗余不足,一旦接收机与某颗卫星断开联系,会影响定位服务的持续性。北斗与GPS实现互操作以后,用户用一台接收机能同时接收两个系统的卫星信号,如GPS卫星数量不够的话,还有北斗卫星,定位的稳定性和精度会更高。

简单来说,通过信号兼容,相当于把原本各自为战的导航系统整合成一个大系统。目前,中俄也在推动北斗与格洛纳斯系统的兼容互操作,已进行多次会谈,收效良好。无论从用户需求还是卫星导航系统发展来看,携手合作是大势所趋。

卢晓春介绍,除了信号,卫星导航系统之间的兼容协调还包括多个方面。

例如频率资源。卢晓春说,国际电联规定卫星导航的频率必须在L波段一个有限范围内,先到先得。在卫星导航系统发展初期,GPS一家独大,占据了大部分频段。格洛纳斯也占用了一部分。北斗起步较晚,所剩频率资源极为有限,需要按照国际电联的规则,和先到者协商。2015年年底,我国与美国达成一致,在GPS发送信号的频段内,北斗可以在不构成影响的前提下共用频率资源。

同时,导航卫星受到轨道资源限制,因而星座轨位存在兼容问题。此外,各导航系统的时间系统、坐标体系都需要实现兼容互操作。

2006年,联合国成立全球卫星导航系统国际委员会,目的就是协调各卫星导航系统的兼容性和互通性,促进合作发展。基于该平台,北斗积极与其他导航系统开展合作。

卢晓春介绍,2018年1月,北斗和GPS将在我国进行第三次会谈,继续推动双方的合作。“为此我们已经成立了4个工作组,分别负责兼容与互操作、星基增强、服务性能的监测评估以及应用等方面。”她说,“如果有新的合作意向和方向,我们也会继续跟进。”

(科技日报北京12月18日电)

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