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外媒:塑料垃圾危及海洋生命

2017-12-12 11:45:18   新华网

英国金融时报网12日报道称,无论是各国政府对塑料袋出台的禁令,还是企业承诺加强包装物循环利用与押金退还制度,都只是解决海洋问题的开端。

我们的海洋正被各种塑料垃圾包围着。90多岁的英国博物学家戴维·阿滕伯勒拍摄的英国广播公司纪录片《蓝色星球2》向人们展示了信天翁雏鸟因为这些物质而窒息。多亏了他,很大一部分英国民众开始对自己每天扔掉的成堆的塑料包装表现出明显担忧。发达国家一些类似的运动正刺痛着消费者们的良知,因为他们看到60年外卖文化的残留物已被冲刷到地球上一些最偏远的地区。

各国政府和消费品集团都日益承认有必要清理海洋中的大量塑料垃圾(有人估计这些垃圾有8亿吨);并减少进入消费系统的塑料制品数量。

联合国上周通过了一项决议,这项决议对目前的情况有所帮助。虽然该决议的目标是自愿性的、模糊的,但其为各国政府采取联合行动、做出有约束力的承诺提供了一个框架。

然而,具体采取的举措,从各国政府对塑料微珠及塑料袋出台禁令,到企业承诺加强包装物循环利用与押金退还制度,都只是解决海洋问题的一个小小的开端。

面临来自维权人士的压力,跨国企业宣布了一系列自愿行动。可口可乐与联合利华的目标是到2025年使所有包装都能够循环或重复利用。宝洁正将旗下一些品牌的产品包装在百分百由回收的“海洋塑料”制成的瓶中销售。任何人都不该幻想这样的行动会带来改变。

消费品集团和零售商们多年来一直致力于让其产品的包装更加环保。与玻璃或铝不同,塑料无法无限期地循环利用。由于油价低廉,完全回收的塑料要比新生产聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯贵得多。以植物为基础的“生物塑料”仍然会造成环境污染。包装材质太薄就会开裂。而当企业用纸板包装等可生物降解的材料替代塑料包装时,往往会令消费者反感。

除非在技术上实现突破,不然任何率先采取行动的大企业都面临着亏损或失去市场份额的风险。这种情况需要监管机构的介入。

对一次性塑料制品征税——尽管需要精心规划——可能会促使企业使用更昂贵、但破坏性较小的材质,并投资研发以寻找替代品。

政策制定者还可以采取更多行动来改变公众的行为。那些强制执行押金退还制度的国家回收利用率要高得多——这些国家的消费者在购买产品时会支付一小笔费用,在他们返还塑料瓶包装时退还。

在发达国家,越来越强的公众意识应能刺激政府采取行动。而发展中国家面临的挑战则更大;受可再生资源繁荣的威胁,石油集团将赌注压在了新兴市场对塑料日益增长的需求上。

然而,发展中国家自有其采取行动的理由。今年9月,斯里兰卡宣布禁止使用一次性塑料制品,认为一次性塑料制品导致了山洪暴发和一个大型垃圾场的致命性坍塌事故。中国作出了一项更重大的决定,要在今年年底停止进口塑料垃圾。这应该能让西方的政策制定者关注到问题有多大了。

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