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空战利器之战略轰炸机:地位难撼

2017-12-11 12:15:16   新华网

新华社北京12月11日电  空战利器之战略轰炸机:地位难撼

新华社记者杨天沐

2017年被很多军事专家认为是战略轰炸机发展的重要年份。作为大国实施战略威慑的一个重要手段,战略轰炸机的地位不仅难以撼动,而且其性能也在持续发展。

今年,俄罗斯战略轰炸机多次从俄本土起飞,对叙利亚境内极端组织“伊斯兰国”目标实施轰炸,成为战略轰炸机参与局部战争的罕见案例。未来,战略轰炸机有可能被越来越多地投入到局部战争中并发挥重要作用。

美俄争锋

美国B-21战略轰炸机是美空军继F-35战斗机之后规模最大、最被重视的项目。今年6月,在美国国会众议院举行的听证会上,空军中将阿诺德·邦奇称空军计划组建规模达100架的B-21机群,“以满足未来战场需要”。

而众议员迈克·加拉格尔提出,要进一步增加B-21轰炸机数量,“在我看来更适合的B-21数量应该是165架以上”。与此同时,美国智库新美国安全中心也在敲边鼓,在6月发布报告称美空军至少需要164架B-21。

俄罗斯也不甘示弱,继续发展苏联时期留下的图-160,并在今年11月成功下线第一架改进型轰炸机图-160M2。俄罗斯副总理罗戈津称,图-160M2预计明年2月首飞,2023年量产。

独有特性

业内分析人士认为,在多用途战斗机、弹道导弹等新式武器迅猛发展的情况下,美俄仍然争先发展战略轰炸机,是看中其独有的载弹量大、航程长、灵活性强等优势。

和普通轰炸机以及可执行轰炸任务的多用途战斗机相比,战略轰炸机的载弹量更大,往往超过20吨,优势明显。而第五代战斗机如果要保持隐形能力实施精确打击,势必要放弃外挂架,使用弹仓装载弹药,载弹量受到严重制约。

此外,战略轰炸机具有典型的航程远、留空时间长的特点。随着远程作战能力的不断提高,未来轰炸机的留空时间也将不断延长,从而实现对整个战区的长时间不间断监视和打击。在这种情况下,失去制空权的一方将时刻面临威胁,很难再组织起有效反击。

在展示威慑力方面,战略轰炸机也具有明显优势。与一旦发射出去就是开战的弹道导弹不同,轰炸机能够逼近敌方控制区而不发动攻击。如果后方指挥部临时取消打击行动,轰炸机也能够随时返航,而弹道导弹缺乏这种灵活性。

方向迥异

针对战略轰炸机,美俄双方依据自身的情况规划出不同的发展方向。

美空军着力打造的B-21表现为亚音速隐形突防,意在通过隐形方式冲破其他国家防空体系。从作战方式和对外发布的概念图来看,与美军之前研发的B-2轰炸机差别不大。

B-21主要特点在于以更成熟的技术降低研发费用,从而以更低的采购价,获得略优于B-2的轰炸机。B-2项目总价447亿美元,均摊下来每架价格高达21亿美元,而B-21的单机预期采购价是每架5.5亿美元。

俄罗斯空军图-160系列战略轰炸机的最显著特点是高空超音速。它还可以实施防区外打击,也就是在敌方防空火力无法触及的空域,向目标发射远程巡航导弹等武器从而避免自身犯险。

尽管最新下线的图-160M2有多方面改进,但毕竟与上世纪80年代服役的美国B1-B轰炸机属于同一时代。俄罗斯发展图-160系列,在某种程度上说,也属于整体技术落后下的无奈之举。

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