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海战利器之航母:“三化”趋势明显

2017-12-10 10:52:21   新华网

新华社北京12月10日电 海战利器之航母:“三化”趋势明显

新华社记者刘莉莉

2017年,关于航空母舰的热点新闻频出:世界最先进航母美国“福特”号下水、俄罗斯推出新的航母建造计划、英国新航母服役、中国弥补国产航母空白……

业内专家指出,从未来发展趋势看,航母作为世界上最庞大、最复杂、最有威力的一种武器和一个国家军事实力、综合国力的重要象征,将朝着吨位实用化、舰体隐形化和舰载机多功能化方向发展。

 竞相打造航母

美国是拥有航母数量最多、航母技术最先进的国家,而且所有航母都采用核动力。2017年7月,“福特”级航母的首舰“福特”号正式服役,至此,美国在拥有10艘“尼米兹”级航母后,又有了新一级的航母。美国航母进入3.0时代。

苏俄航母在上世纪七八十年代雄踞一方,但经历大起大落后,如今只剩下“库兹涅佐夫海军元帅”号。今年6月,俄军方宣布,将开始建造新的“风暴”级航母。据称,新航母将采用滑跃加电磁弹射的混合助飞方式,同时更强调编队作战,自身仅装备末端防御系统。

作为世界上第一个设计航母的国家,英国在前些年竟沦落到没有现役航母的窘迫境地。今年,这个昔日的海洋强国终于挽回颜面。英国皇家海军新航母“伊丽莎白女王”号于本月7日服役,英国重新回归“航母俱乐部”。“伊丽莎白女王”号还有一艘姊妹舰“威尔士亲王”号,目前尚在建造中。

印度在海军建设上也有计划。目前,印度拥有一艘现役航母“超日王”号,同时正在与美俄合作建造完善新航母,美国已同意向印度出售美国航母才装备不久的电磁弹射器。

对于中国海军来说,2017也是一个重要年份。4月26日,中国第二艘航母下水,这是由中国自行研制的航母,标志着中国自主设计建造航母取得重大阶段性成果。下一步,该航母将按计划进行系统设备调试和舾装施工,并全面开展系泊试验。

 航母未来发展呈现“三化”

未来,各国将根据自身实际情况,决定所建造航母的吨位。例如,美国正在研制的新一代“福特”级航母满载排水量超过十万吨;而俄罗斯在研制十万吨级航母的同时,也在打造轻型航母。

国防科技大学国际关系学院外军研究中心副主任方晓志说,大型航母不仅建造费用高,而且航母机动训练、维修保养费用也不可小觑,这对一些财力有限的国家来说难以承受,这些国家出于对本国实际情况的考虑,更愿意建造更适合自己的轻型航母。

在舰体隐形化方面,方晓志介绍说,美国“福特”级航母首舰“福特”号釆用了最新的隐身技术,包括集成化上层建筑,并将其向右舷后移、降低干舷,简化舱面设施、简化甲板总体布局,减小雷达反射截面积、在一些关键部位敷设和使用隐身涂料和材料等。

舰载机多功能化是第三个重要趋势,毕竟航母的战斗力主要是靠舰载机性能体现。例如,“福特”号上搭载的是具有超高机动性和隐身能力的F-35C四代舰载机,该机型具有超音速巡航、机动性好、载弹量大、用途多等特点,可有效减少航母搭载飞机的种类。此外,美国海军还在研制集海面监视、支援两栖登陆作战、反潜、救援、攻击甚至配合潜艇作战等功能于一身的舰载无人机。

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