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综述:巴西“乙醇燃料”车大行其道

2017-11-23 16:26:15   新华网

新华社里约热内卢11月22日电 综述:巴西“乙醇燃料”车大行其道

新华社记者 陈威华 赵焱

梅洛先生平常在城里开车时,会给他的爱车加乙醇燃料;等到周末开车去老父亲的庄园探视时,才会加满汽油。“我这辆标致车是特殊的‘灵活燃料’车,既可以加汽油,也可以加乙醇燃料。”他对记者说。

中国近期出台政策,明确在全国范围内推广使用车用乙醇汽油,到2020年基本实现全覆盖。

巴西是世界上发展燃料乙醇技术最早国家之一,距今已有40多年历史,车用乙醇燃料的使用深入人心。根据法律规定,目前巴西汽油中添加的乙醇比例高达27%。也就是说,巴西市面上实际上没有纯汽油供应。而类似于梅洛先生开的“灵活燃料”车已在市场上占据主流。

在巴西,加油站除了提供汽油、柴油,还提供乙醇。在里约州长宫对面一家加油站,新华社记者注意到,一升汽油售价3.797雷亚尔(1美元约合3.26雷亚尔),而一升乙醇售价仅为2.677雷亚尔。

巴西如今是拉美第一大产油国,但是在20世纪70年代,巴西90%的石油消费需要依靠进口。为了减少对进口石油的依赖,1975年,当时执政的军政府利用行政命令强力启动了生物燃料乙醇发展计划。

与美国使用玉米生产乙醇不同,巴西选择甘蔗作为主要的乙醇原料作物,同时也小规模发展其他原料作物。巴西农业部发布的研究报告显示,巴西大部分地区都适宜种植甘蔗、大豆、油棕榈、花生、蓖麻、向日葵等油料作物,仅在亚马孙地区,适宜种植油棕榈的土地就达5000万公顷,完全可以形成能源农业的产业规模。

巴西政府通过补贴、设置配额、统购乙醇等措施以及运用价格和行政干预等手段,鼓励企业进入乙醇燃料生产行业,并协助它们从世界银行等国际金融机构贷款。政府还鼓励民众使用车用乙醇燃料,下令在人口超过1500人的城镇中,加油站都必须安装乙醇加油泵,汽油中添加乙醇的比例均以法律形式确定,对不执行者进行相应的处罚。

到20世纪80年代中期,巴西国内交通业对乙醇的利用达到一个高峰。1979年,巴西首辆能使用乙醇的汽车试验成功。在巴西政府财政补贴和优惠贷款等措施的大力支持下,1984年,巴西生产的能够使用乙醇的汽车数量占当年全国汽车总产量的94.4%。1979年至1995年间,这类汽车总产量达到540万辆。

在多年科研投入和技术创新基础上,巴西的乙醇燃料加工技术和提炼工艺均在世界上名列前茅,产量仅次于美国。生物燃料的研发和应用是巴西实现能源多元化战略迈出的重要一步,乙醇燃料不仅有效弥补了本国石油供应的不足,节省了石油进口开支,而且对促进生产领域科技进步、增加就业、改善环境均具有重要意义。

不过,随着全球石油危机的缓解,国际油价大幅下跌,加上国际糖价上升,巴西企业开始将更多甘蔗用于生产食糖,导致1989年巴西出现小范围乙醇燃料供应短缺,乙醇汽车产量和销量急转直下。

为重振乙醇燃料计划,巴西政府1991年再次颁布有关法令,提出了乙醇燃料新的发展目标。与此同时,各家车企先后成功研制出可以同时使用汽油和乙醇的汽车,被称作“灵活燃料”车,在商业上获得巨大成功。2010年,巴西各品牌“灵活燃料”车累计产量突破1000万,车型超过70种,达到了一个新的里程碑。巴西联邦政府明确立法规定,联邦一级的政府单位在购、换轻型公用车时,必须采购“灵活燃料”车。

专业人士估计,目前乙醇已占据巴西轿车燃料消费的半壁江山。从减排方面来看,完全以乙醇为燃料的汽车二氧化碳排放量约为同类汽油汽车的十二分之一。如果汽车使用含乙醇的汽油,能够降低20%至30%的一氧化碳排放量,降低25%左右的二氧化碳排放量,同时还可减少汽车尾气中铅化合物、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物等有害物质的排放。

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