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记者手记:巴西蛇岛探秘

2017-11-20 13:40:25   新华网

新华社巴西大凯马达岛11月19日电  记者手记:巴西蛇岛探秘

新华社记者赵焱

这里是一座没有哺乳动物、没有淡水、没有长期生活鸟类的岛屿;在这里迈出每一步都需慎之又慎,因为这里生活着几千条毒蛇。在被称为巴西蛇岛的大凯马达岛,记者与生物学家开始了一场探险之旅。

“没错,岛上所有的蛇都是有毒的”,巴西布坦坦蛇研究所生物学家卡琳娜·班奇对新华社记者说,“它们是岛屿矛头蝮蛇,所以这里被称作全球最危险的地区之一。”

大凯马达岛距离巴西圣保罗州南部海岸35公里左右,面积0.43万平方公里,1984年被巴西联邦政府确立为自然保护区,未经许可任何人不能登岛。日前,在获巴西联邦政府下属的奇科门德斯基金会批准后,新华社记者与巴西布坦坦蛇研究所生物学家们一起登岛。

登陆并非易事,虽然距离海岸只有35公里,但要等到风平浪静的日子才能出海。由于大凯马达岛没有沙滩,只能用小船把登陆人员送到岩石边,然后踩着岩石上的贝类尸体攀爬上去。

由于人迹罕至,岛上并没有路,此前研究人员踩出来的小路也很快被茂密的植物覆盖。为避免与毒蛇不期而遇,奇科门德斯基金会的专家负责带路,他们循着以往标记带领大家前行,很多地方早已被树的枝枝蔓蔓挡住,需要借助砍刀重新开路。

探索了近一小时后,一行人并未发现一条蛇。班奇解释说,蛇一般喜好潮湿,最近几天比较干旱,就很难见到它们。果然,到了相对潮湿的地区,班奇就在低矮的树枝上发现一条小蛇,蛇的颜色与树枝非常相近,只有经验丰富的研究人员才能识别。

在登岛前,布坦坦蛇研究所博物馆馆长朱塞佩·波尔托就向记者介绍,大凯马达岛上的矛头蝮蛇与大陆上的不同,它们以鸟类为食,因此白天出没,总待在树上;而大陆上的矛头蝮蛇通常都是夜间出没,在地面活动,捕食啮齿类动物。

波尔托说,正因为岛屿矛头蝮蛇的食物是飞鸟,毒性必须非常大,才能让鸟类受攻击后很快中毒下落,否则鸟飞远了,它们就该饿肚子了。

别看是剧毒的蛇,研究人员抓捕时却毫不紧张,动作麻利。发现蛇后,班奇迅速用大夹子将蛇抓到,并根据粗细选择相应的透明管子,将蛇引入管内,留下半截身体在管外。

“抓到蛇后,我们首先要看是否有此前植入的芯片,芯片相当于它们的‘身份证’,记录着上一次的所有数据。无论有无芯片,我们都要给蛇量身长、测体温、称体重,记录发现的时间、地点,然后会取样一小块皮肤带回实验室进行DNA分析,雄性的会采集一些精液,雌性的会摸一下腹部看是否怀孕,”班奇一边和助手测量、记录,一边给记者解释程序。

对于此前被植入芯片的蛇,专家们会对比新旧数据,而新捕获的蛇则被植入芯片。研究完毕后,他们将蛇放入袋子中,再把袋子拿到发现它的地方放生。

在接下来的两小时中,一行人总共又发现了6条蛇,有的盘踞在树干上,有的躲在岩石后,对于毫无经验的记者来说,不要说发现它们,就是专家指给我们看时都要定睛许久才能找到,而专家们通常在一条蛇的测量还没结束时就发现了另外一条。

此次被发现的7条蛇中只有一条此前被植入过芯片,班奇说:“这是好事,因为这样我们才有机会研究更多的蛇。布坦坦蛇研究所在大凯马达岛上进行过蛇繁殖、进化等多个项目的研究,但总体上说,对蛇类各种信息掌握得还非常少。”

对于蛇类的研究最终还要服务于人类。布坦坦蛇研究所主要通过采集蛇的血清,制造攻克毒物的药品。目前,布坦坦每年生产近2亿剂疫苗和100万支抗蛇毒血清,能拯救巴西80%被毒蛇咬伤的人。毒液中的一些分子还可帮助降低血压,用于制造缓解心绞痛的药物。

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