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沙特或处在历史的十字路口

2017-11-09 09:46:00   新华网

最近一段时间尤其是近几天来,一系列政治与外交事件把海湾大国沙特推向了国际舆论的风口浪尖。

在年轻气盛的穆罕默德王储的领导下,沙特在“2030愿景”下积极推动全面改革,尤其是改革阿美石油公司、投入巨资兴建红海沿岸“尼尤姆”新城建设、赋予妇女驾驶权、推动伊斯兰教温和化等举措,都彰显了沙特王室前所未有的改革力度,并引起国际社会的高度关注。但最吸引世界眼球的事件莫过于对包括数位王子在内的政治、经济和商业要员发起反腐风暴。与此同时,沙特与也门胡塞武装之间发生互射导弹的事件,与沙特关系密切的黎巴嫩总理哈里里辞职,一位沙特王子坠机事件同时发生,都使世界对沙特波谲云诡的形势充满了疑惑。

沙特局势令人眼花缭乱,贯穿其中的主线是以萨勒曼父子为核心的统治集团寻求政治、经济与社会变革的强烈诉求与长期积累的历史沉疴之间的巨大矛盾张力。具体说来就是国王萨勒曼和王储穆罕默德力图以自上而下的强势手段肃清阻碍变革图新的障碍,但又由于发力过猛而触动沙特政治、经济和外交等多个层面复杂矛盾,并令外界产生沙特是否会陷入严重动荡的担忧。

因此,沙特的改革诉求和举措无疑值得肯定和期待,但其潜在政治风险又令世界捏把汗。

从某种程度上说,沙特或许正处在一个关键的十字路口,改革功成将惠及沙特和中东地区,如出现不测或引发局部乃至全局性动荡,则将危及沙特自身稳定,并加剧本已动荡不安的中东局势。其原因大致有如下几个方面:

首先是改革与集权之间的矛盾张力。自1932年建国以来,沙特阿拉伯一直以传统保守闻名于世,传统君主制、政教结盟、石油美元、沙美同盟构成其合法性根基和权力保障,并多次躲过各种革命的涤荡而长期保持政治稳定。但2011年以来“阿拉伯之春”的政治压力和2014年以来低油价的冲击,都使沙特的政治经济面临严峻挑战。为改变饱受诟病的老人政治,萨勒曼国王就职以来两次废储,实现权力继承“兄终弟及”到“子承父业”,进而完成沙特国王的年轻化,同时赋权王储穆罕默德推行以“2030愿景”为框架的政治经济改革。“萨勒曼王朝”不断集权化的目的在于推进改革,但在易储和反腐过程中不断剪除其他政治势力,既是其权力根基不稳的表现,也极易加剧王室权力争斗,毕竟在沙特的历史上就出现过逼宫和国王遭刺杀等恶性事件。

其次是保守、温和、自由主义等多种意识形态的矛盾张力。在意识形态和社会领域,保守意识形态、思想观念在沙特仍有很大的影响,这也是穆罕默德王储极力推进社会改革,提升妇女权利,倡导温和伊斯兰教的原因所在。

尽管如此,沙特王室的改革距离长期存在的自由主义力量的要求仍相去甚远;而“伊斯兰国”等极端组织及其支持者则视沙特王室为“冒牌的伊斯兰”和“美国的傀儡”,并主张对沙特政权发起攻击。在此背景下,沙特王室推动伊斯兰教温和化的努力既面临自由主义进一步要求其改革的压力,也会招致极端组织的仇视甚至是暴力恐怖袭击,这是沙特王室必须正视的意识形态挑战和现实威胁。

最后是外交理性和激进之间的矛盾。沙特的改革无疑需要相对友好的周边环境和地区环境,沙特外交日趋活跃是出于维护自身利益的外交理性,但近年来沙特却陷入了贸然出击、四面树敌的尴尬境地。

穆罕默德出任王储以来,沙特在地区外交上更加冒进,在继续在叙利亚、伊拉克、巴林等问题上与伊朗角力的同时,沙特于2015年以来对也门胡塞武装进行空袭,至今难以功成;2016年1月沙特与伊朗断交危机导致双方地缘政治对抗日趋固化;2017年6月以来沙特与卡塔尔断交危机导致海合会和阿拉伯世界进一步分裂。这些冒进政策不仅使沙特面临投入巨大、进退失据的困境,同时使其对美国的依赖进一步强化,而美国则依靠唆使沙特与伊朗对抗坐收渔利。总之,沙特外交冒进导致的地区环境恶化显然不利于其集中精力进行改革。

综上所述,沙特或许正处在一个决定其命运的十字路口,沙特的改革诉求和举措值得嘉许,但如何妥善拿捏改革的节奏和火候,如何化解盘根错节的内外矛盾,如何平稳消解异己力量,尤其是避免历史上血腥的宫廷权斗,都是萨勒曼和穆罕默德父子面临的严峻挑战。

(刘中民 作者系上海外国语大学中东研究所所长、教授)

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